Unit 2 Metabolic Processes

Question 1

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell or organism

Answer 1

metabolism

Question 2

the energy of motion

Answer 2

kinetic energy

Question 3

the stored energy that an object possesses as a result of its position relative to other objects or to its internal structure

Answer 3

potential energy

Question 4

principle that states that energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 4

first law of thermodynamics

Question 5

the minimum amount of energy that is required to break a particular type of bond; measured in kJ/mol of bonds

Answer 5

bond energy

Question 6

the minimum amount of energy that chemical reactants must absorb to start a reaction

Answer 6

activation energy

Question 7

a temporary condition during a chemical reaction in which the bonds in the reactants are breaking and the bonds in the products are forming

Answer 7

transition state

Question 8

a chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed, giving the products more chemical potential energy than the reactants

Answer 8

endothermic reaction

Question 9

a chemical reaction in which energy is released, leaving the products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants

Answer 9

exothermic reaction

Question 10

principle that states that every time energy is converted to another form, some of the energy becomes unusable

Answer 10

second law of thermodynamics

Question 11

a measurement of disorder in a system

Answer 11

entropy

Question 12

a change that will, once begun, continue on its own under a given set of conditions; does not require a continuous supply of energy

Answer 12

spontaneous change

Question 13

energy that can do useful work; also called Gibbs free energy

Answer 13

free energy

Question 14

a chemical reaction that releases free energy; the products have less free energy than the reactants

Answer 14

exergonic reaction

Question 15

a chemical reaction that absorbs free energy; the products have more free energy than the reactants

Answer 15

endergonic reaction

Question 16

the transfer of energy from one reaction to another in order to drive the second reaction

Answer 16

energy coupling

Question 17

a pathway in which energy is released and complex molecules are broken down into simple molecules

Answer 17

catabolic pathway

Question 18

a pathway in which energy is supplied to build complex molecules from simple molecules

Answer 18

anabolic pathway

Question 19

the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to another molecule

Answer 19

phosphorylation

Question 20

the cyclic and ongoing breakdown and re-synthesis of ATP

Answer 20

ATP cycle

Question 21

an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate and transfers hydrogen ions to an acceptor

Answer 21

dehydrogenase

Question 22

the reduced form of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Answer 22

NADH

Question 23

a process that uses oxygen to harvest energy from organic compounds

Answer 23

aerobic cellular respiration

Question 24

an organism that cannot live without oxygen

Answer 24

obligate aerobe

Question 25

the formation of ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

Answer 25

substrate level phosphorylation

Question 26

a process that forms ATP using energy transferred indirectly from a series of redox reactions

Answer 26

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 27

a series of reactions in which a glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules and energy is released

Answer 27

glycolysis

Question 28

a reaction in which pyruvate is oxidized by NAD+ and CO2 is removed, forming an acetyl group and releasing NADH

Answer 28

pyruvate oxidation

Question 29

a process that uses an organic compound as the final oxidizing agent to produce energy

Answer 29

fermentation

Question 30

a process that uses a final inorganic oxidizing agent other than oxygen to produce energy

Answer 30

anaerobic respiration

Question 31

an organism that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen

Answer 31

obligate anaerobe

Question 32

an organism that can live with or without oxygen

Answer 32

facultative anaerobe

Question 33

a cyclic series of reactions that transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP, NADH, and FADH2 and release carbon atoms as CO2.

Answer 33

citric acid cycle

Question 34

the removal of a hydrogen atom from a molecule

Answer 34

dehydrogenation

Question 35

a chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group to form CO2

Answer 35

decarboxylation reaction

Question 36

a difference in proton (H+ ion) concentration across a membrane

Answer 36

proton gradient

Question 37

a force that moves protons because of a chemical gradient (often referred to as an electrochemical gradient) of protons across a membrane

Answer 37

proton-motive force

Question 38

a process in which ATP is synthesized using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme

Answer 38

chemiosmosis

Question 39

the amount of energy that is expended per unit time in an organism

Answer 39

metabolic rate

Question 40

the metabolic rate of an organism at rest

Answer 40

basal metabolic rate

Question 41

a process in which fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA through catabolism

Answer 41

beta-oxidation

Question 42

a process in which pyruvate is decarboxylation, producing a molecule each of CO2, and of ethanol, and NAD+

Answer 42

alcohol fermentation

Question 43

a process in which pyruvate reacts with NADH and is converted directly into lactate and regenerates NAD+

Answer 43

lactate fermentation

Question 44

the first stage of photosynthesis, during which water molecules are split as light energy is absorbed and transformed into chemical energy in ATP and NADPH

Answer 44

light dependent reactions

Question 45

the second stage of the photosynthesis process that uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 to sugars

Answer 45

Calvin cycle

Question 46

a molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced during photosynthesis

Answer 46

primary electron acceptor

Question 47

a cluster of light-absorbing pigments embedded in the thylakoid membrane able to capture and transfer energy to special chlorophyll a molecules in the reaction centre

Answer 47

antenna complex

Question 48

a complex of proteins and pigments that contains the primary electron acceptor

Answer 48

reaction centre

Question 49

a plot of the amount of light energy of various wavelengths that a substance absorbs

Answer 49

absorption spectrum

Question 50

a plot of the effectiveness of light energy of different wavelengths in driving a chemical process

Answer 50

action spectrum

Question 51

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 700 nm wavelength

Answer 51

photosystem 1

Question 52

a collection of pigment proteins that includes chlorophyll a and absorbs light at the 680 nm wavelength

Answer 52

photosystem 11

Question 53

ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase; a critical enzyme that acts as a catalyst for the reduction of carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis

Answer 53

ribisco

Question 54

the catalysis of O2 instead of CO2 by rubisco into RuBP, which slows the Calvin cycle, consumes ATP, and results in a release of carbon

Answer 54

photorespiration

Question 55

small pores in the surface of a leaf that can be opened and closed to control the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the leaf interior

Answer 55

stomata

Question 56

an alternative form of carbon fixation that some plants use, particularly in hot weather, to increase the concentration of CO2 available for the Calvin cycle reactions

Answer 56

C4 cycle

Question 57

a metabolic pathway, used mostly by succulent plants, in which the Calvin cycle and the C4 cycle are separated in time for better efficiency of CO2 fixation

Answer 57

crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)