chapter 1 - 5 Flashcards
1
Q
characteristic of living thing and explain
A
- movement = they move
- growth = grow bigger by the growth of cells or by adding more cells
- sensitivity = detect sense stimuli and respond to them
- reproduction = produce offspring
- excretion = remove toxic waste product of metabolism.
- nutrition = take in nutritious substance to provide energy.
- respiration = chemical reaction in cells break down nutrient molecule and release energy for metabolism
2
Q
what does animal store as glycogen
A
store carbohydrate as glycogen
3
Q
light microscope magnify how many times ?
A
1500x
4
Q
electron microscope magnify how many times ?
A
500 000x
5
Q
plant cell wall is made up of …
A
cellulose
6
Q
what does cellulose form
A
fibre
7
Q
fungi cell wall is made up of…
A
chitin
8
Q
explain multicellular fungi
A
multicellular fungi is organized into a mycelium made from hyphae that contains a lot of nuclei
9
Q
what is a hypae
A
thread like structure containing many nuclei
10
Q
cannot photosynthesis so they use…
A
saprotrophic nutrition
11
Q
what does fungi store glycogen as
A
carbohydrate
12
Q
bacteria used to make yogurt
A
lactobacillus bulgaricus
13
Q
bacteria that cause pneumonia
A
pneumococcus
14
Q
bacteria have small extra circles of dna called
A
plasmids
15
Q
what is protoctists. give examples
A
microscopic single cell organism, some have features like animal cell ex amoeba, some are like plant cell ex chlorella and some are pathogens ex plasmodiums
16
Q
what does tabacco mosaic virus cause
A
cause tabacco plant and leaves to be discoloured
17
Q
what does influenza cause
A
flu
18
Q
what does hiv cause
A
aids
19
Q
mention all cell structures
A
- cell membrane
- cell wall
- chlorophyll
- cytoplasm
- vacuoles
- nucleus
20
Q
function of cell membrane
A
layer of protein and fat that controls what goes into and out of the cell , lets some substance in and not others so they are partially permeable.
21
Q
function of cell wall
A
protects and supports the cell, fully permeable because lets any substance in and out
22
Q
what group does cellulose belong to
A
polysaccharides
23
Q
function of cytoplasm
A
made up of 70% water so many substances especially protein dissolved in it also where metabolic reaciton takes place.
24
Q
function of vacuoles
A
spaces surrounded by cell membrane that contains solution. plant have large vacuole, animals have small vacuole
25
what is the name of the animals vacuole
vesicle
26
what does plant vacuole contain
sugar solution and cell sap
27
what does animal vacuole contain
nutrients and water
28
funtion of choloroplast
contain chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. contain starch made by photosynthesis
29
function of nucleus
store genetic information and help cells make the right sorts of protein.
30
where is information kept
in nucleus in the chromosomes that is inherited from organism's parents.
31
explain the meaning of diffusion
a net movement of molecules and ions from high to low concentration
32
explain osmosis
the net movement of water molecules and is a situation where a water molecules pass through a partially permeable membrane also called a visking tubing
33
what is a solvent
a liquid substance in which solute is dissolved in
34
what is a solute
a substance that is dissolved
35
what is hypertonic
a solution with low water potential and high concentration of solute
36
what is hypotonic
a solution with high water potential and low concentration of solute
37
what is isotonic
having the same concentration of solute in both sides of the permeable membrane
38
explain the process of osmosis happening in animal cell that burst
burst out when cytoplasm have high concentration than outside of it because more water enters the cell and swells. the cell get bigger and bigger and eventually burst
39
explain the process of osmosis happening in animal cell that shrinks
shrinks when cytoplasm have low concentration that outside of it because water diffuses out of the cell making the cell shrinks
40
explain the process of osmosis happening in plant cell that is turgid
happens when there is high water potential than cell content so water diffuses into the cell causing the cytoplasm to press outwards and cell wall resist.
41
explain the process of osmosis happening in plant cell that is flaccid
hhappens when there is low water potential that cell content so water diffuses out of the cell causing the cell to be floppy. cell wall is left behind and cell membrane tears away from cell wall and is said to be plasmolysed.
42
what is haemolysis
when cell burst in a more dilute solution
43
what is crenate
when a cell shrinks in a more concentrated solution
44
what is osmoregulation
involves kidney ensures because concentration of blood stays the same as concentration of cell contents
45
what is active transport
movement of dissolved molecules from low to high concentration
46
why is water important to living organism
because water is the only solvent that can dissolve many substances such as enzymes and nutrients. and metabolic reaction can only take place in water.
47
what are type of nutrient
carbohydrate , protein, fat, vitamin, minerals
48
what does protein contains that carbo and fat dont
nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
49
what is carbohydrate
simple sugars
50
sugars contain how many c h and o ?
6 c, 12 0, 6 h
51
monosaccharides include...
glucose and fructose
52
disaccharides include..
sucrose, maltose and lactose
53
what does sucrose compose of
glucose and and fructose, 2 monosaccharides
54
what does maltose compose of
2 glucose units
55
what does lactose compose of
galactose and glucose
56
what is polysaccharides
many simple sugar that join together
57
example of polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
58
where is starch found
plants
59
where is glycogen found
animals
60
what do we use to see the presence of sugar
benedict solution that must be heated
61
what do we use to see the presence of starch
iodine solution
62
what color will benedict change if sugar is present
blue to brick red
63
what color will iodine change if starch is present
brown to navy
64
what is the function of carbohydrate
needed for energy, plants store carbohydrate as starch and animals store carbohydrate as glycogen or polysaccharide glycogen
65
what does plant transport ?
sucrose
66
difference between reducing and non reducing sugars
reducing sugars have oh and can reduce other components while non reducing sugars dont have oh and cannot reduce other components
67
example of reducing sugars
all simple sugars and some complex sugars
68
what are fats
known as lipids made up of fatty acid and glycerol joined together
69
what is used to see if fat is present
using ethanol solution
70
what happened to ethanol if fat is present
milky white cloud called emulsion is produced at the surface if the solution
71
where is saturated fat found in
animal
72
where is unsaturated fat or poliunsaturated fat found in
plant
73
function of fat
help provide energy, and insulates the body
74
plant store oil in their seed which provides ...
good source of energy for germination
75
what is protein
nutrient made up of amino acids
76
function of protein
needed for making new cells for growth and repair
77
what is used to test protein
biuret solution
78
what color is produced by biuret if protein is present
blue to purple
79
small molecules that carbohydrate is made up of
monosaccharides
80
small molecules that protein is made up of
amino acids
81
small molecules that fat is made up of
fatty acid and glycerol
82
solubility in water of carb protein and fat
carb :sugar are soluble, polysaccharides are insoluble
protein : some are soluble some are not
fat ; insoluble
83
what does unbalance diet lead to
deficiency disease
84
source of carb
bread, rice, pasta, flour, corn starch
85
source of protein
meat, fish, egg, beans
86
source of fat
cheese, butter, oil, margarine
87
function of vit b
make coenzymes
88
source of vit b
meat sea food dairy products egg and sead
89
function of vit c
make collagen
90
source of vit c
citrus fruit and leafy green vegie
91
what is also known as vitamin c
ascorbic acid
92
function of vit a
make white blood cell and shape bones, maintain good vision
93
deficiency of vit c
scurvy which is the bleeding or swelling of gum
94
source of vit a
milk, dairy product
| oily fish and mackerel
95
vit a deficiency
night blindness
96
body convert vit a to
beta carotene
97
funtion of vit d
make bone, maintian healthy bone and teeth
98
source of vit d
egg, margarine, and oily fish
99
deficiency of vid d
rickets and bone pain
100
type of mineral ions
calcium and iron
101
function of calcium
maintain healthy bone and teeth
102
deficiency of calcium
week bone and teeth
103
function of iron
produce haemoglobin
104
iron deficiency
anaemia
105
function of fiber
provides bulk that keep food moving through the intestine easily
106
other name of fiber
roughage
107
fiber deficiency
constipitation
108
source of fiber
fruit, vegie, cereals
109
useful organism and thier function
bacteria can be used to make yogurt, yeast can be used to make alcohol from plant sugars,.
110
proteins are ..
polymers
111
what makes protein polymer molecule
monomer molecules that join end to end
112
diffenet numbeer of sequence in amino acid giveseach protein molecules ...
a particular shape allowing it to carry different functions
113
what are enzymes
biological catalysts and also protein
114
function of enzyme
help speed up chemical reaction inside cells and the break down of large to small molecules
115
what does amylase break down
starch to maltose
116
what does catalase break down
hidrogen peroxide to oxygen and water
117
what does carbohydrase break down
carbohydrate
118
protease break down...
protein to amino acid
119
lipase break down
lipids
120
carbohydrase that break down starch is called..
amylase
121
carbohydrase that break down maltose is called..
maltase
122
carbohydrase that break down sucrose is called
sucrase
123
explain how enzymes work
1. substrate collides with active site of enzyme
2. enzyme break down the substrate
3. enzyme change substrate to product
4. product is then released from active site
124
what happens to the enzyme that can no longer fit substrates
become denatured and no longer work
125
what is active site
has a complementary shape to fit its substrate
126
what happens when enzyme is denatured
permanently damaged and the enzyme no longer works
127
properties of enzymes
1. all enzymes are proteins
2. enzymes are made inactive by high temp
3. enzyme work best at a particular temp or optimum temp
4. enzymes work best at particular ph or optimum ph
5. enzymes are catalysis
6. enzymes are specific
128
what happens to enzyme in high and low temp
in high they react faster and react slower in low temp but damaged at high temp and they will lose their shape
129
optimum temp in human body for the enzyme to work
37
130
optimum tempin plant for the enzyme to work
28-30
131
what does ph solution effect the enzyme ?
shape
132
enzyme will have the correct shape at how many ph
7 which is neutral
133
if ph become very...they are denatured
acidic or alkaline
134
animal and fungi feed on..
organic substances made by plants, some eat other animals
135
green plants feed use....to make their own food
carbon dioxide, water and mineral
136
build 3 substance to complex substances which is...
carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin
137
green plants need what to make glucose
mix carbon dioxide and water and use sunlight energy
138
what does chlorophyll contain
green pigment that absorbs sunlight
139
when sunlight fall on chlorophyll molecule what happens
energy is released to combine co2 and h2o with the help of enzymes inside chloroplast
140
light energy is converted to what in photosynthesis
chemical energy
141
leaf structure include...
1. lamina
2. midrib
3. margin
4. vein
142
vascular bundle form.....
the veins in the leaf , contains tubes that carry substances to and from the leaf
143
leaf is made up of..
several layers of cell
144
top and bottom of leaf are covered with layer of closely fitting cells called
epidermis
145
upper epidermis secrete
waxy substance called cuticle
146
finction of upper epidermis
to stop water evaporating because the upper epidermis is facing the sun.
147
where is stomata located ?
in the lower epidermis
148
what is stomata
small opening in lower epidermis
149
function of stomata
as an entry way for carbon dioxide and for releasing oxygen and water vapor
150
guard cell surround...
stomata
151
singular of stomata is...
stoma
152
function of guard cell
can open and close the hole (stomata)
153
what is in the mesophyll layer ?
upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll,spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis
154
what is in the vein of plant ?
xylem and phloem
155
function of lamina
help obtain as much light as possible
156
leaves are thin so that sunlight can ...through it that is why epidermal cell is ... and have no ...
1. penetrate
2.transparent
3, chloroplast
157
why are chloroplast arranged in mesophyll cell
to get much light as possible
158
supported stem and leaf stem to...
expose leaf to sunlight and air
159
leave have large surface area to
expose large area to sunlight and air
160
leave are thin to
allow sunlight to penetrate and to allow o2 and co2 to diffuse in and out
161
stomata in lower epidermis to
allow o2 and co2 to diffuse into the air
162
air spaces in spongy mesophyll
allow co2 and o2 to diffuse to and from all cells
163
no chloroplasts in epidermal cell
alllow sunlight to penetrate to mesophyll layer
164
palliside cell arranged end on to
keep as few cell walls as possible between sunlight and chloroplast
165
chloroplast containing chlorophyll present in the mesophyll layer to
absorb energy from sunlight so that co2 combine with h2o
166
chloroplast inside palisade cells often arranges broadside on to
expose chlorophyll yo sunlight
167
chlorophyll arranged on flat membranes inside chloroplast
expose chlorophyll to sunlight
168
xylem vessel within short distance of every mesophyll to
supply water to the cells in the leaf
169
phloem tubes within short distance of every mesophyll cell to
take away sucrose and other products of photosynthesis
170
what does mesophyll need ?
co2
171
water absorbed by root hair carried up by the...
xylem
172
glucose in plants is used for energy...
the energy is released from glucose in the leaf and is obtained by respiration. glucose is broken down by respiration to release energy
173
what is glucose turned into and stored in the leaf
starch
174
thy is glucose not a good storage molecule ?
1. can involved in unwanted chemical reaction
2. soluble in water
3. increase concentration of solution that would affect osmosis
175
granules can be easily stored in...
chloroplst
176
uses if glucose `in platns
1. used for energy
2. stored as starch
3. used to make proteins and other organic substances
4. changed to sucrose for transport
177
plant use sugar made in photosynthesis to make ...
amino acids and need nnitrogen to do this
178
nitrogne combine with what for what
combine with glucose for amino acid synthesis
179
plants make what and need what and what that is obtained form where
make chlorophyll and need nitrogen and magnesiium that is obtained in the soil
180
why is nitrogen needed
to make amino acids
181
why is magnesium needed
to make chlorophyll
182
deficiency in plant of nitrogen
week growth , yellow leaves
183
deficiency in plant of magnesium
yellowing between veins of leaf
184
in plants sucrose can be truned into glucose to be
broken down to release energy
185
in plants sucrose can be turned into starch and stored to
make other substances for growth
186
source of calcium
cheese egg milk green leafy vegies
187
source of iron
liver, red meat, leafy green vegie, dried fruits, nuts and beans
188
what is peristalsis
muscle in alimentary canal that contract and relaxes to squeeze food along.
189
the muscle work strongly when...
there is harder, less digestive food such as fiber
190
fiber helps..
prevent conspitatipn
191
digestion is ...
the break down of large to small molecules
192
absorbtion is when...
food get out of the alimentary canal and into the blood stream
193
fat contains..
cholesterol
194
cholesterol and saturated fat can lead to...why ?
coronary heart disease .. because fat build up in the inside of the arteries making it stiffer and narrower
195
examples of saturated fat
egg, milk, cream, butter, cheese, red meat
196
example of unsatuirated fat
white meat such as chicken meat and fish meat
197
does unsaturated fat increase the risk of heart disease ?
no
198
obese people are likely to get...
heart disease, stroke and diabetes
199
etra weight cause problems with...
joints especially knee
200
what can help those with extra weight ?
crash diet
201
what is malnutrition
lack of eating proper meal
202
cause of malnutrition
not eating balanced food, eat too much of something
203
what is kwashiorkor
a kind of malnutrition caused by lack of protein
204
what is marasmus
it is when a childs body looks emaciated
205
what is alimentary canal
a very long tube in the digestive system running from one end of a mammal's body to the other
206
explain what it means by mechanical digestion
the break down of food into smaller peices without chemical change to the food
207
explain what it means by chemical degistion
break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones and involving chemical change to the food
208
meaning of ingestion
taking substance into the body through the mouth
209
meaning of digestion
large insoluble molecules of food are broken down to small molecules
210
meaning of absorption
small molecule are then absorbed into the blood stream
211
meaning of egestion
food which cant be digested or absorbed is removed from the body
212
meaning of assimilation
movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.
213
function of teeth
help with ingestion and , mechanical digestion of food
| give food a larger surface area that makes it easier for the enxyme to work on it
214
root of teeth...
enabled to the gum
215
crown is the...
part of the teeth that can be seen and is covered with enamel
216
enamel is..
hardest substance made by animal
217
enamel can be dissolved by..
dissolved by acids bacteria feed on sweet food left on the teeth and makes the acid and decay sets in
218
dentine is..
layer under the enamel have channels containg cytoplasm
219
pulp cavity
in the middle of the tooth, contain nerves and blood vessel and supply the cytopolasm with food and o2
220
cement
cover the root of tooth and has fiber growing out of it attaching the toothe to the jawbone
221
type of teeth
incisors, canine, molars and premolars
222
function of incisors
sharped edge chisel shaped used to bite off food
223
funciton of canines
more pointed than incisors used for gripping food
224
function of premolars
help cut and move food from front teeth to the molars for chewing
225
function of molars
for chewing and cruching food
226
dental decay caused by...
bacteria
227
what is plaque
plaque is soft and easy to remove but if left for too long than it cant be removed by just brushing, it is caused by bacteria together with substances in saliva
228
difference between preolars and molars
1. size and shape are different
2. premolars have 1 / 2root while molar have 2 root and 3 in the upper
3. molars have 4 cusps while premolar only have 2
4. molars are larger than premolars
5. crevice in molers are deeper
229
how many teeth does a human have
32
230
where is Starch stored in plants ?
leaf
231
where are granules stored ?
chloroplasts
232
in testing leave for starch why is it boiled first ?
to break down the cell membrane
233
how is chlorophyll removed ?
by dissolving it in alchohol
234
what is a diet
all nutrient in the correct amount and proportion
235
energy needed depends on
job age and gender
236
is vitamin inorganic or organic substance ?
organic
237
is mineral inorganic or organic substance ?
inorganic
238
what breaks down large droplet of fat ?
bile salt
239
what does digestive system includes ?
liver and pancreas
240
function of mouth
where ingestion happen
241
function of salivary glands
make saliva containing amylase
242
function of oesophagus
move ingested food to the stomach
243
function of stomach
where digestion happen, the stomach contracts and relaxes to mix food with enzymes and mucus and the mixture is called chyme
244
main enzyme in stomach and what does it breakdown and into what
protease enzyme named pepsin that break down protein into polypeptides.
245
what is the function of hcl
protect from harmful bacteria by denaturing enzymes in them
246
function sphincter at the bottom of the stomach
open and lets chyme into the duodnum
247
what is the function of pancreas
secrete enzyme into small intestine
248
what is pancreatic duct
a tube that leads from pancreas into the duodenum
249
what is pancreatic juice
a fluid made by pancreas that flow in the pancreatic duct
250
what does tripsin break down
protein to polypeptides
251
what does pancreatic juice contain
amylase, lipase and tripsin and sodium hydrocarbonate
252
function of sodium hydrocarbonate
neutralizes acid
253
where is bile made and where is it stored
made in liver stored in gall bladder
254
what does bile contain ?
bile salt not enzyme
255
what does bile help digest something by
digest fat by emulsification
256
what is emulsification
break down of large fat droplet into smaller ones and increasse the surface area
257
what is villi
inner wall of small intestine
258
what is the singular of villi
villus
259
in the small intestine what makes the enzyme ?
cell covering the villi made the enzymes
260
what is the function of teeth
bite food and increase the surface area
261
function of tongue
mix food with saliva to form bolus
262
what is saliva a mixture of
water mucus and amylase
263
mucus helps ...
form bolus and lubricates it to slide down the oesophagus
264
function of trachea
takes air down to the lungs
265
funtion of liver
produce bile
266
function of epiglottis
covers the entrance to the trachea when swallowing and stop food from going down into the lungs
267
function of sphincter
a muscle that relaxes allowing food to pass into the stomach
268
function of lacteal
absorbs digested fat
269
functionof blood cappilaries in villi
absorb small molecule for example amino acid and sugars
270
function of vein in villi
returning blood to the liver
271
function of artery in villi
bring blood fronm the heart
272
how small intestine is adapted for absorbing digested nutrients
1. it's very long
2. has villi covered with microvilli
3. villi contain alot of blood capillaries
4. villi contain lacteals part of the lymphatic system
5. villi have walls only one cell thick
273
how does small intestine being very long help absorption take place ?
give plenty of time for digestion to be complete and for digested food to be absorbed as it slowly pass through
274
how does small intestine having villi help absorption take place ?
give the inner surface of small intestine a larger surface area. the larger the surface area the faster nutrients can be absorbed.
275
how does villi containing a lot of blood cappilaries help absorption take place ?
allow monosaccharides, amino acid, water, mineral, vitamin, and fat to be absorbed
276
how does villi contain lacteals help absorption take place ?
absorb fat
277
how does villi having a wall one cell thick help absorption take place ?
so that digested nutrient can easily cross the wall to reach the blood capillaries and lacteals
278
what are absorbed in colon
water and salt
279
what remains in the large intestine
undigested food, bacteria and ded cell from inside of alimentary canal
280
liver processes the...
absorbed nutrient
281
nutrients dissolved in ... send to other part of the body and become ... as part of a cell
blood plasma assimilated
282
meaning of assimilated by liver
the movement of digested food molecules into the cell of the body where they are used becoominh part of the cell
283
liver has...
1. important role in metabolic reaction
2. high glucose in blood, liver convert glucose to polysaccharide glycogen and store it
3. pancreas secrete hormone insulin to help convert glucose to glycogen
4. oancreas secrete glucagon to convert glycogen to glusoce when blood glucose is low
284
all of digestive juice contain
mucus and water
285
what is water used for in digestion
used for the digestion of large molecules to small ones and as a solvent for nutrient and enzyme
286
mucus acts as a what
lubricant
287
function of mucus
forms a covering over the inner surface of alimentary canal preventing enzyme from digesting the cell
288
what is the substrate of salivary amylase
starch
289
what is the substrate of protease
protein
290
what is the substrate of lipase
lipids
291
what is the substrate of pancreatic amylase
starch
292
substrate of maltase...
maltose
293
end product of starch with salivary amilase as enzyme
maltose
294
end product of protein with protease enzyme
amino acids
295
endproduct of lipids with lipase enzyme
fatty acids and glycerol
296
end product of strach with pancreatic amylase enzyme
maltose
297
end product of maltose with maltase enzyme
glucose
298
where is salivary amylase produced
salivary glands
299
where is protease produced
stomach and pancreas
300
where is lipase produced
pancreas
301
where is pancreatic amylase produced
pancreas
302
where is maltase produced
small intestine
303
function of pancreas
produce digestive enzymes
304
function of gall bladder
stores bile before releasing it into duodenum
305
function of duodenum
where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile
306
function of ileum
where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymph
307
function of colomn
where water is reabsorbed
308
function of rectum
where faeces are stored
309
function of anus
where faeces leave the alimentary canal
310
what is the other substance in juice in the stomach
hcl
311
function of hcl
acid environment for pepsin and to kill bacteria in food
312
where is rennin produced
stomach of young mammal
313
substrate of rennin
milk protein
314
product if milk protein with rennin enzyme
curdled milk protein
315
fubction of bile salts
emulsify fats
316
function of bile pigments
excretory products
