Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the characteristics that define living organisms?

Answer 1

1. Cell composition
2. Metabolism
3. Responsiveness
4. Movement
5. Reproduction
6. Excretion
7. Growth
8. Movement

Question 2

What are the six levels of structural organization of the body?

Answer 2

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ system
6. Organism

Question 3

What is systemic anatomy?

Answer 3

Examining the human body primarily by looking at the individual organ systems.

Question 4

What are the types of anatomy and physiology?

Answer 4

1. Systemic Anatomy
2. Regional Anatomy
3. Surface Anatomy
4. Gross Anatomy
5. Microscopic Anatomy
6. Histology
7. Cytology

Question 5

What is regional anatomy?

Answer 5

Dividing the body into regions such as the back or head and neck

Question 6

What is surface anatomy?

Answer 6

Studying the surface markings of the body

Question 7

What is gross anatomy?

Answer 7

Examines structures, including organs and organ systems, that can be seen with the unaided eye

Question 8

What is microscopic anatomy?

Answer 8

Studying structures that require the aid of a microscope

Question 9

What is histology?

Answer 9

The study of tissues; topics within the field of microscopic anatomy

Question 10

What is cytology?

Answer 10

The study of cells

Question 11

How are physiological specializations classified?

Answer 11

According to the organ or organ system being studied

For example, neurophysiology studies the brain and nerves

Question 12

List the 11 organ systems.

Answer 12

1. Cardiovascular- heart, blood vessels
2. Respiratory- lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, nasal cavity
3. Urinary- bladder, urethra, kidneys, ureters
4. Endocrine- thyroid, pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus gland, adernal glands, pancreas
5. Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves
6. Skeletal- bones and joints
7. Muscular- skeletal muscles
8. Lymphatic- tonsils, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lymphatic vessels
9. Digestive- esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, mouth, salivary glands
10. Integumentary- hair, skin, nails
11. Reproductive- mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, vagina, prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis

Question 13

Anterior/ Posterior

Answer 13

• Anterior and ventral refer to the front

- Posterior and dorsal refer to the back

Question 14

Superior/ Inferior

Answer 14

• Superior and cranial means towards the head
• Inferior and caudal means away from the head or towards the head
• These terms are only used in terms of the head

Question 15

Proximal/ Distal

Answer 15

• Used for the limbs
• Proximal refers to something being closer to the point of origin
• Distal refers to being farther away or distant from the point of origin
• Point of origin is the trunk: nearer to the trunk are proximal, farther is distal

Question 16

Medial/ Lateral

Answer 16

• The body’s midline is an imaginary line that runs down the middle of the body on the inside
• Medial refers to a position that is closer to the midline
• Lateral refers to a position farther away from the midline

Question 17

Superficial/ Deep

Answer 17

• Superficial refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body
• Deep refers to those farther below

Question 18

What two regions can the body be divided into?

Answer 18

1. Axial Region (head, neck, and trunk)

2. Appendicular Region (upper and lower limbs)

Question 19

What are the three planes of section?

Answer 19

1. Sagittal Plane (midsaggital and parasagittal)- divides the body or body part into right and left sections
2. Frontal Plane (coronal plane)- divides the body or body parts into anterior and posterior sections (gives front and back section)
3. Transverse Plane (horizontal plane or cross section)- divides the body part into a superior and inferior part

Question 20

What is the axial part of the body?

Answer 20

Head, neck, and thorax

Question 21

What are the two major cavities?

Answer 21

The dorsal body cavity (back) and the ventral body cavity (front)

Question 22

What are the two sub cavities of the dorsal cavity and what do they contain?

Answer 22

Cranial Cavity- located within skull and protects the brain

Vertebral/ Spinal Cavity- within spinal column and protects spine

Question 23

What are the two divisions of the ventral cavity?

Answer 23

Thoracic Cavity (superior to the diaphragm) and Abdominopelvic Cavity (inferior to the diaphragm)

Question 24

What are the small cavities of the Thoracic cavity?

Answer 24

Pleural cavities- present left and right of each lung; located within serous membranes
Mediastinum- between the pleural cavities; house the heart, great blood vessels, and esophagus; NOT located within serous membranes
Pericardial cavity- within the mediastinum; has serous membranes; contains the heart

Question 25

What are the sub cavities of the abdominopelvic cavity?

Answer 25

Abdominal cavity- area from diaphragm to bony pelvis Pelvic cavity- area within the bony pelvis Peritoneal cavity- has serous membrane

Question 26

What is the overarching theme that all core principles relate to?

Answer 26

Homeostasis

Question 27

What is homeostasis?

Answer 27

The maintanence of the body's internal environment; a stable internal environment in which cells can function is needed

Question 28

How is homeostasis regulated?

Answer 28

Through feedback loops, in which a change in a regulated variable causes effects that feed back and in turn affect that same variable

Question 29

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 29

When a change in a regulated variable in one direction leads to actions that cause changes in the variable in the opposite direction; is a way to maintain homeostasis

Question 30

When does a negative feedback loop occur?

Answer 30

When the regulated variable moves out of its normal range

Question 31

What is the process of a negative feedback loop?

Answer 31

1. Regulated variable outside of normal range 2. Stimulus sent to receptor/ sensor 3. The control center is notified via cells of the endocrine/ nervous system that there is a change 4. Control center sends signals to the organ/ cell called effectors 5. This causes physiological responses that return the variable to the normal range

Question 32

What is the key difference between a negative and a positive feedback loop?

Answer 32

In the negative loop, the effector activity opposes the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to normal. In a positive loop, the effectors activity usually amplifies the response

Question 33

How does a positive feedback usually occur?

Answer 33

They are usually within a negative loop. For example, when someone gets cut, platelet aggregation occurs via a positive feedback loop where platelets are continuously added to the cut but the final response is that the cut will stop bleeding, which is the opposite of blended (negative).

Question 34

How does a positive feedback loop stop?

Answer 34

In response to an external stimulus

Question 35

What is meant by form follows function?

Answer 35

The form of a structure is always such that is best suits its function ex: blood vessels are hollow (structure) to transport blood (function)

Question 36

When is a gradient present?

Answer 36

They are present anytime more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected - Gradients drive many of our physiological processes

Question 37

What are the 4 core principles in A&P?

Answer 37

1. Feedback loops 2. Relationship of structure and function 3. Gradients 4. Cell- cell communication