Chapter 1

Question 1

chemistry

Answer 1

the science that seeks to understand the properties of matter by studying the structure of the particles

Question 2

Copernicus

Answer 2

published “On the revolution of heavenly orbs”
started the scientific revolution with this book
proposed that the sun was the center of the universe, not the earth

Question 3

scientific law

Answer 3

a brief statement that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. TELLS WHAT

Question 4

Robert Millikan

Answer 4

oil drop experiment
discovered charge of an electron (fundamental)
discovered mass of an electron using his and Thomson’s work

Question 5

Leucippus & Democritus

Answer 5

first to propose that matter was ultimately composed of small, indivisible particles

Question 6

Cathode Ray experiment

Answer 6

experiment that discovered the electron

Question 7

molecules

Answer 7

atoms binded together in specific geometrical arrangements

Question 8

Plum Pudding model

Answer 8

sphere of positive charge and electrons smooshed on it

Question 9

Ernest Rutherford

Answer 9

gold foil experiment

proposed nuclear theory of the atom

Question 10

atoms

Answer 10

basic particles that compose ordinary matter

Question 11

atomic mass

Answer 11

average mass of the isotopes

Question 12

hypothesis

Answer 12

a tentative interpretation or explanation of observations

Question 13

Law of Definite Proportions

Answer 13

all samples of a given compound, regardless of their source or how they were prepared, have the same proportions of their constituent elements

Question 14

Oil Drop experiment

Answer 14

experiment that discovered the fundamental charge of an electron

Question 15

Joseph Proust

Answer 15

law of definite proportions

Question 16

element

Answer 16

substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Question 17

anions

Answer 17

negatively charged ions, gained an electron

Question 18

Plato & Aristotle

Answer 18

did not embrace atomic ideas

Question 19

heterogeneous mixture

Answer 19

one in which the composition varies from once region of the mixture to another

Question 20

Atomic Theory

Answer 20

1. each element is composed of tiny, indestructible atoms
2. atoms of same element have same properties
3. atoms combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds.
4. atoms can’t change elements. reactions change bonds

Question 21

isotopes

Answer 21

have a different number of neutrons

Question 22

radioactivity

Answer 22

the emission of small energetic particles from the core of certain unstable atoms

Question 23

scientific theory

Answer 23

a model for the way nature is and tries to explain why nature is the way it is. TELLS WHY

Question 24

chemical reaction

Answer 24

a process in which one or more substances are converted into one or more different substances

Question 25

law of conservation of mass

Answer 25

matter cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 26

pure substance

Answer 26

made of only one type of particle and doesn't vary from sample to sample

Question 27

Law of Multiple Proportions

Answer 27

When two elements (A & B) form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with 1g of A can be expressed as a small whole number ratio.

Question 28

experiments

Answer 28

highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations that can confirm or refute a hypothesis

Question 29

mixture

Answer 29

made of multiple types of particles and varies from sample to sample

Question 30

cations

Answer 30

positively charged ions, lost an electron

Question 31

Nuclear Theory

Answer 31

1. most mass and the positive charge is in the nucleus 2. most of the atom is empty space where the electrons are dispersed 3. there are as many electrons as protons so the atom is neutral

Question 32

matter

Answer 32

anything that occupies space

Question 33

JJ Thomson

Answer 33

cathode ray experiment discovered the electron plum pudding model

Question 34

Dalton

Answer 34

atomic theory | Law of Multiple Proportions

Question 35

how to calculate atomic mass

Answer 35

(natural abundance*mass of isotope) + .....

Question 36

ions

Answer 36

lose or gain an electron

Question 37

Lavoisier

Answer 37

studied combustion and conservation of mass in combustion reactions Law of Conservation of Mass

Question 38

homogeneous mixture

Answer 38

mixture is the same throughout

Question 39

Thomas Kuhn

Answer 39

wrote "the structure of scientific revolutions" | details that science is biased in ways, people make data fit the reigning theory until a revolution

Question 40

mass spectrometry

Answer 40

a technique that separates particles according to their mass. used in measure percent abundances

Question 41

Rutherford and Chadwick

Answer 41

discovered neutrally charged neutrons

Question 42

compound

Answer 42

a substance composed of two or more elements

Question 43

Who proposed the atomic theory?

Answer 43

John Dalton

Question 44

Gold Foil experiment

Answer 44

experiment that proved Thomson's model wrong | discovered that most of the atom's mass and positive charge is stored in a small core called the nucleus

Question 45

Marie Curie & Henry Becquerel

Answer 45

discovered radioactivity