Chapter 1

Question 1

Slight, passive, convolutional movements allowed in most joints (also called joint play)

Answer 1

Accessory Movements

Question 2

Push or pull generated by stimulated muscle

Answer 2

Active Force

Question 3

Motion caused by stimulated muscle

Answer 3

Active Movement

Question 4

Muscle or muscle group that is most directly related to the initiation and execution of a particular movement

Answer 4

Agonist Muscle

Question 5

The generally agreed on reference position of the body used to describe the location and movement of its parts. In this position, a person is standing fully upright and looking forward, with arms resting by the side, forearms fully supinated, and fingers extended

Answer 5

Anatomical Position

Question 6

Angle formed between a tendon of a muscle and the long axis of the bone into which it inserts

Answer 6

Angle-of-Insertion

Question 7

Muscle or muscle group that has action opposite to a particular agonist muscle

Answer 7

Antagonist Muscle

Question 8

Motion of roll, slide, and spin that occur between curved articular surfaces of joints

Answer 8

Arthrokinematics

Question 9

Angular motion of an object in a direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis; often used to describe a motion in the horizontal plane

Answer 9

Axial Rotation

Question 10

An imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (also called the pivot point or the center of rotation)

Answer 10

Axis of Rotation

Question 11

Effect of a force that deforms a material at right angles to its long axis

Answer 11

Bending

Question 12

Point at the exact center of an object’s mass

Answer 12

Center of Mass

Question 13

Unique position of most joints of the body where the articular surfaces are most congruent and the ligaments are maximally taut

Answer 13

Close-Packed Position

Question 14

The inverse of stiffness

Answer 14

Compliance

Question 15

A force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls on one object directly against another

Answer 15

Compression

Question 16

Activated muscle that shortens as it produces a pulling force

Answer 16

Concentric Activation

Question 17

A progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time

Answer 17

Creep

Question 18

Number of independent directions of movements allowed at a joint

Answer 18

Degrees of Freedom

Question 19

change in the linear or angular position of an object

Answer 19

Displacement

Question 20

Type of movement in which the distal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed proximal segment (also called an open kinematic chain)

Answer 20

Distal-on-Proximal Segment Kinematics

Question 21

A force, applied perpendicularly to the contact surface, that pushes or pulls one object directly away from another

Answer 21

Distraction

Question 22

Activated muscle that is producing a pulling force while being elongated by another more dominant force

Answer 22

Eccentric Activation

Question 23

Property of a material demonstrated by its ability to return to its original length after the removal of a deforming force

Answer 23

Elasticity

Question 24

Push or pull produced by sources located outside the body

Answer 24

External Force

Question 25

Perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the external force

Answer 25

External Moment Arm

Question 26

Product of an external force and its external moment arm

Answer 26

External Torque

Question 27

A push or a pull that produces, arrests, or modifies a motion

Answer 27

Force

Question 28

Two or more muscles acting in different linear directions, but producing a torque in the same rotary direction

Answer 28

Force-Couple

Question 29

Potential acceleration of a body toward the center of the earth as a result of gravity

Answer 29

Force of Gravity

Question 30

Push or pull produced by a structure located within the body

Answer 30

Internal Force

Question 31

Perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation and the internal (muscle) force

Answer 31

Internal Moment Arm

Question 32

Product of an internal force and its internal moment arm

Answer 32

Internal Torque

Question 33

Activated muscle that maintains a constant length as it produces a pulling force

Answer 33

Isometric Activation

Question 34

Force that exists at a joint, developed in reaction to the net effect of internal and external forces

Answer 34

Joint Reaction Force

Question 35

Branch of mechanics that deceives the motion of a body, without regard to the forces or torques that may produce the motion

Answer 35

Kinematics

Question 36

Series of articulated segmented links, such as the connected pelvis, thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity

Answer 36

Kinematic Chain

Question 37

Branch of mechanics that describes the effort of forces and torques on the body

Answer 37

Kinetics

Question 38

Relative moment arm length possessed by a particular force

Answer 38

Leverage

Question 39

Direction and orientation of a muscle's force

Answer 39

Line of Force

Question 40

Direction and orientation of the gravitational pull on a body

Answer 40

Line of Gravity

Question 41

General term that describes the application of a force to a body

Answer 41

Load

Question 42

Axis that extends within and parallel to a long bone or body segment

Answer 42

Longitudinal Axis

Question 43

Positions of most synovial joints of the body in which the articular surfaces are least congruent and the ligaments are slackened

Answer 43

Loose-Packed Positions

Question 44

Ratio of the IMA to the EMA

Answer 44

Mechanical Advantage

Question 45

Perpendicular distance between an axis of rotation and the line of force

Answer 45

Moment Arm

Question 46

Potential of a muscle to produce a torque within a particular plane of motion and rotation direction

Answer 46

Muscle Action

Question 47

Push or pull generated by sources other than stimulated muscle, such as tension in stretch periarticular connective tissues, physical contact, and so forth

Answer 47

Passive Force

Question 48

Motion produced by a source other than an activated muscle

Answer 48

Passive Movement

Question 49

Property of a material demonstrated by remaining permanently deform after removal of force

Answer 49

Plasticity

Question 50

Force divided by a surface area

Answer 50

Pressure

Question 51

Phenomenon in which relatively low-level tension within stretched connective tissues performs a useful function

Answer 51

Productive Antagonism

Question 52

Type of movement in which the proximal segment of a joint rotates relative to a fixed distal segment

Answer 52

Proximal-on-Distal Segment Kinematics

Question 53

Arthrokinematic term that describes when multiple points on one rotating articular surface contact multiple points on another articular surface

Answer 53

Roll

Question 54

Angular motion in which a rigid body moves in a circular path around a pivot point or an axis of rotation

Answer 54

Rotation

Question 55

A force produced as two compressed objects slide past each other in opposite directions

Answer 55

Shear

Question 56

Arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surfaces contacts multiple points on another articular surface

Answer 56

Slide

Question 57

Arthrokinematic term describing when a single point on one articular surface rotates on a single point on another articular surface

Answer 57

Spin

Question 58

Ratio of stress to strain within an elastic material

Answer 58

Stiffness

Question 59

Ratio of a tissue's deformed length to its original length

Answer 59

Strain

Question 60

Force generated on a tissue resists deformation, divided by its cross-sectional area

Answer 60

Stress

Question 61

Two or more muscles that cooperate to execute a particular movement

Answer 61

Synergists