BIO 201 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology? How do these two sciences support each other?

A

Anatomy is the study of the structure, physiology is the study of the function. These approaches are complementary and never entirely separable. Together they form the bedrock of the health sciences. Physiology lends meaning to anatomy, and conversely anatomy is what makes physiology possible. This unity of form and function is an important point to bear in mind as you study the body.

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2
Q

Inspection

A

Simply looking at the body’s appearance, as in performing a physical examination or making a clinical diagnosis from surface appearance. Physical examinations also involve touching and listening to the body.

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3
Q

Palpation

A

Feeling structure with the hands, such as palpating a lymph node or taking a pulse.

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4
Q

Auscultation

A

Listening to the natural sounds made by the body, such as the heart and lung sounds.

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5
Q

Percussion

A

Examiner taps on body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sound for signs of abnormalities such as pockets of fluid or air.

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6
Q

Dissection

A

Deeper understanding of the body, carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal relationships.

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7
Q

Cadaver

A

Dead human body

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8
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

Study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends.

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9
Q

Exploratory surgery

A

Opening the body and taking a look inside to see what is wrong and what could be done about it.

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10
Q

Medical imaging

A

Methods of viewing the inside of a body without surgery.

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11
Q

Radiology

A

Branch of medicine concerned with imaging.

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12
Q

Gross anatomy

A

Bodily structure that can be seen with the naked eye, observed without magnification.

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13
Q

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

A

Approach used to see individual cells in the body. Process involves taking tissue specimens, thinly slice and stain them, and observe them under the microscope.

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14
Q

Histopathology

A

The microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease.

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15
Q

Cytology

A

Study of the structure and function of individual cells

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16
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level, revealed by the electron microscope

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17
Q

Comparative physiology

A

Study of how different species have solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration, and reproduction

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18
Q

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes

A

Philosophers who are credited with putting science on the path to modernity, inventing new habits of scientific thought.

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19
Q

Scientific method

A

Refers less to observational procedures than to certain habits of disciplined creativity, careful observation, logical thinking and honest analysis of ones observations and conclusions

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20
Q

Inductive method

A

Process of making numerous observations until one feels confident in drawing generalizations and predictions from them. First prescribed by Francis bacon.

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21
Q

Hypothetico-deductive method

A

Most physiological knowledge was obtained by this method. Involves a hypothesis

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22
Q

Hypothesis

A

An informed conjecture that is capable of being tested and potentially falsified by experimentation or data collection

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23
Q

Falsifiability

A

Means that if we claim something is scientifically true, we must be able to specify what evidence it would take to prove it wrong. If nothing could possibly prove it wrong, then it is not scientific.

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24
Q

Experimental design

A

Doing an experiment properly involves several important considerations:

  • sample size
  • controls
  • psychosomatic effects
  • experimenter bias
  • statistical testing
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25
Peer review
Critical evaluation by other experts in the field. Mechanism for ensuring honesty, objectivity and quality in science.
26
Scientific fact
Information that can be independently verified by any trained person
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Law of nature
Generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave
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Theory
An explanatory statement, or set of statements that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge on a phenomenon and provides direction for further study.
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Body's structural hierarchy
The organism is composed of organ systems, organ systems are composed of organs, organs are composed of tissues, tissues are composed of cells, cells are composed partly of organelles, organelles are composed of molecules, molecules are composed of atoms
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Organism
Single, complete individual
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Organ system
Group of organs with a unique collective function, such as circulation, respiration or digestion.
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Organ
Structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function. Organs have definite anatomical boundaries and are visibly distinguishable from adjacent structures.
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Tissue
Mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of an organ and performs a specific function.
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Cells
Smallest units of an organism that carry out all of the basic functions of life; nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive. Cell is enclosed in a plasma membrane composed of lipids and proteins. Most cells have one nucleus, an organelle that contains DNA
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Organelle
Microscopic structures in a cell that carry out its individual functions. Examples include mitochondria, centrioles, and lysosomes.
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Molecule
Organelle and other cellular components are composed of molecules, such as proteins, fats and DNA (macromolecules). Molecule is a particle composed of at least two atoms.
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Atom
Smallest particle with unique chemical identities. Make up molecules.
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Reductionism
Theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components.
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Holism
Complementary theory to reductionism that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be predicted from the properties of its separate parts - human beings are more than the sum of their parts.
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Characteristics of life
Organization (living things exhibit a far higher level), cellular composition (living matter compartmentalized into one or more cells), metabolism (sum of all chemical reactions in the body), responsiveness and movement (ability of organisms to sense and react to stimuli), homeostasis (ability to maintain internal stability), development (any change in form or function over the lifetime of an organism), reproduction (produce copies of themselves, passing on genes to offspring), evolution (genetic change from generation to generation)
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Metabolism
Sum of all chemical reactions in the body
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Anabolism
Process where relatively complex molecules are synthesized from simpler ones
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Catabolism
Process where relatively complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones
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Excretion
Separation of wastes from the tissues and their elimination from the body
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Homeostasis
the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
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Development
Any change in form or function over the lifetime of the organism. Involves two major processes: Differentiation and growth.
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Differentiation
The transformation of cells with no specialized function into cells that are committed to a particular task
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Growth
an increase in size
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Reproduction
Living things can produce copies of themselves, thus passing their genes on to new, younger containers (offspring)
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Evolution
All living species exhibit genetic change from generation to generation and therefore evolve.
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Mutations
Changes in DNA structure
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Dynamic equilibrium
(balanced change), in which there is a certain set point or average value for a given variable (such as 37°C for body temperature) and conditions fluctuate slightly around this point
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negative feedback
A self-corrective mechanism that underlies most homeostasis, in which a bodily change is detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function.
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feedback loop
feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that triggered them (temperature, for example). Three common components of a feedback loop are a receptor, an integrating center and an effector
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vasodilation
the widening of blood vessels
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vasoconstriction
narrowing of the blood vessels in the skin
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receptor
Component of a feedback loop. A structure that senses a change in the body
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integrating (control) center
Component of a feedback loop. Example is the cardiac center of the brain, is a mechanism that processes this information, relates it to other available information (for example, comparing what the blood pressure is with what it should be), and “makes a decision” about what the appropriate response should be.
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effector
(Component of a feedback loop) the cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action.
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Positive feedback
a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction, rather than producing the corrective effects of negative feedback
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gradient
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another. If matter or energy moves from the point where this variable has a higher value to the point with a lower value, we say it flows
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down the gradient
If matter or energy moves from the point where this variable has a higher value to the point with a lower value, —for example, from a warmer to a cooler point, or a place of high chemical concentration to one of lower concentration
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up the gradient
Movement in the opposite direction (movement from a lower point to a higher point)
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pressure gradient
pressure gradient; water flows down the hose from the high-pressure point at the tap to the low-pressure point at the open end. Each heartbeat is like that, creating a gradient from high blood pressure near the heart to low pressure farther away; blood flows down this gradient away from the heart (
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Concentration gradients
A difference in chemical concentration from one point to another, as on two sides of a plasma membrane.
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electrical gradients
charged particles flow down electrical gradients. Example) Suppose there is a high concentration of sodium ions (Na+) just outside a cell and much lower concentration inside, so the outer surface of the cell membrane has a relatively positive charge and the inner surface is relatively negative (fig. 1.9d). If we open channels in the membrane that will let sodium pass, sodium ions rush into the cell, flowing down their electrical gradient. Because each Na+ carries a positive charge, this flow constitutes an electrical current through the membrane. We tap this current to make our nerves fire, our heart beat, and our muscles contract.
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thermal gradients
heat flows down a thermal gradient. Suppose there is warm blood flowing through small arteries close to the skin surface, and the air temperature around the body is cooler (fig. 1.9e). Heat will flow from the blood to the surrounding air, down its thermal gradient, and be lost from the body.
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eponyms
Terms coined from the names of people
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acronyms
words composed of the first letter, or first few letters, of a series of words
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anatomical position
A reference posture that allows for standardized anatomical terminology. A subject in anatomical position is standing with the feet flat on the floor, arms down to the sides, and the palms and eyes directed forward.
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section
an actual cut or slice to reveal internal anatomy
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plane
an imaginary flat surface passing through the body
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Three major anatomical planes
sagittal, frontal, and transverse
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sagittal plane
passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into right and left portions
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median plane
The sagittal plane that divides the body or an organ into equal right and left halves; also called midsagittal plane
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frontal (coronal) plane
also extends vertically, but it is perpendicular to the sagittal plane and divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
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transverse (horizontal) plane
passes across the body or an organ perpendicular to its long axis; it divides the body or organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions
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directional terms
Words that describe the location of one structure relative to another
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anterior
Toward the front of the body
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posterior
Toward the back of the body or relating to the back. opposite of anterior
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deep
away from the surface of the body
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distal
farther from trunk or origin of a structure
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inferior
downward or below, opposite of superior
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lateral
away from the midline of the body. opposite of medial
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medial
toward the midline of the body. opposite of lateral
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proximal
closer to the trunk or origin of a structure. opposite of distal
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superficial
toward the surface of the body. opposite of deep.
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superior
upward or above. opposite of interior

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