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GEOG 102 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Geography

A

Derived from greek words geo + graphia, meaning to write about or describe the Earth

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2
Q

Cultural Geography

A

An important subfield within human geography that studies the realationship between people and the natural environment

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3
Q

Physical Geography

A

Focuses on environmental dynamics

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4
Q

Human Geography

A
  • focuses on social dynamics (e.g. economic development, language diffusion, ethnic identity)
  • A branch of geography centered on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people and the environment.
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5
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

People who take the position that nautral factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities

  • Roots of this come from Greeks
  • EX: people with sharpest minds come from temperate areas rather than extreme temperatures
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6
Q

Three Major Criticisms of Environmental Determinism

A
  1. ) Geographers found overly simplistic the linear, cause-effect relationship that forms the basis of ________.
  2. ) Similar natural settings do not produce the same cultural practices or human behavior.
  3. ) ________ tends to contribute to ethnocentric interpretations of sociocultural differences.
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7
Q

Political Ecology

A

An offshoot of cultural ecology that studies how economic forces and competition for power influence human behavior, especially decisions and attitudes involving the environment

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8
Q

Actor-Network Theory

A

A body of thought that emphasizes that humans and nonhumans are linked together in a dynamic set of relations that, in turn, influence human behavior

-challenges the idea that people have free will

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9
Q

Possibilism

A
  • reactions against environmental determinism gave rise to this
  • the view that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment.
  • ________ists do not completely reject the diea of environmental influence
  • ________ists sees technological diversification as one mechanism for expanding the range of choices a society has
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10
Q

Carl Sauer

A

-_____ rejected environmental determinism and emphasized instead human agency, the ability of people to modify their surroundings.

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11
Q

Human Agency

A

The ability of people to modify their surroundings

-who emphasized this?

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12
Q

Cultural Landscapes

A

Over time, human activities transform natural landscapes into __________.

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13
Q

Social Construction

A

An invented concept that derives from shared perceptions and understandings

-This perspective acknowledges that people shape the natural environment through their practices and their ideas about what nature is or should be

EX: wilderness use to mean “wasteland” but now is strongly associated with naturla beauty

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14
Q

Earth as a dynamic, integrated system

A
  • geographers see people as intricately connected with the natural world
    (1) The Earth functions as a system made up of diverse components that interact in complex ways
    (2) The Earth is constantly changing as a result of natural and human-induced events
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15
Q

Types of Regions

A
  • Formal
  • Functional
  • Perceptual
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16
Q

Formal Region

A

An area that possesses one or more unifying physical or cultural traits.

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17
Q

Functional Region

A

An area unified by a specific economic, political, or social activity.
-Every _________ has at least one “node”, usually the business, office, or entity that coordinates the activity. Ex: State Capitals of each State

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18
Q

Perceptual Regions

A

Derive from people’s sense of identity and attachment to different areas
-borders are often highly variable since people tend to have very personal reasons for perceiving an area a certain way

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19
Q

Don Mitchell

A

“There’s no such THING as culture”

-caution against people trying to limit culture to specific and fixed habits of life

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20
Q

Culture

A

A social creation consisting of shared beliefs and practices that are dynmaic rather than fixed, and a complex system that is shaped by people and, in turn, influences them.

  1. ) _____ is a social creation
  2. ) _____ is dynamic, not fixed
  3. ) _____ is a complex system. People create and express ____, and in turn, ______ shapes and influences people
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21
Q

Place

A

A locality distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics

  • site
  • situation
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22
Q

Site

A

The physcial characterisitics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources

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23
Q

Situation

A

The geographic context of a place, including its political, economic, social, or other characterisitcs

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24
Q

Sense of Place

A

Refers to the complex, emotional attachments that people develop with specific localities.

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25
Space
Refers to either a bounded or unbounded area - Aboslute - Relative
26
Absolute Space
refers to an area whose dimensions, distances, directions, and contents can be precisely measured
27
Relative Space
Refers to space that is created and defined by human interactions, perceptions, or relations between events
28
Contingency
the idea that the outcome of human interactions and perceptions depends on who and what are involved
29
Spatial Perspective
the variations from one place or space to another in society and environment-society dynamics
30
Spatial Variation
Changes in the distribution of a phenomenon from one place or area to another
31
Spatial association
The degree to which two or more phenomena share similar distributions
32
Distribution
The arrangement of phenomena on or near the Earth's surface
33
Spatial Diffusion
The movement of a phenomenon, such as an innovation, information, or an epidemic, across space and over time
34
Four different types of diffusion
1. ) Relocation 2. ) Contagious 3. ) Hierarchical 4. ) Stimulus
35
Relocation Diffusion
-migration is the most common type of ________
36
Contagious diffusion
occurs when a phenomenon, such as the common cold, spreads randomly from one person to another.
37
Hierarchical diffusion
Occurs in a top-down or rank-ordered manner
38
Stimulus Diffusion
Occurs when the spread of an idea, a practice, or other phenomenon prompts a new idea or innovation.
39
Globalization
Refers to the greater interconnectedness and interdependence of people and places around the world
40
Spatial interaction
the connections and relations that develop among places and regions as a result of the movement or flow of people, goods, or information -term coined by geographer Edward Ullman
41
Three Factors that Influence Spatial Interaction
1. ) Complementarity 2. ) Transferability 3. ) Intervening Opportunities
42
Complementarity
Exists when one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region - aka provides a basis for trade - ______ also exists when people travel from their homes to a movie theater or gas station
43
Economy of Scale
Refers to the reduction in the average production cost of an item as a result of increasing the number of items produced
44
Transferability
The cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand that cost -high-value goods that are not bulky and can be easily transported, such as jewelry, have high ______
45
Friction of Distance
The way that distance can impede movement or interaction between places
46
Intervening Opportunity
A different location that can provide a desired good more economically ex: going to another gas station other than your usual because other said gas station has lower prices
47
Accessibility
means the ease of reaching a particular place | ex: parks have high ______ because they are free
48
Connectivity
An expression of accessibility: | -the number and kind of linkages it posseses
49
Distance Decay
The tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance
50
Waldo Tobler
- an expert in spatial interaction modeling - said "Everything is related to eveything else, but near things are more related than distant things." - _______ first law of geography - Played a key role in the discussion of distance decay
51
Time-Space Convergence
- when the reduction of friction of distance occurs, places seem to become closer together in both time and space. - highlights the importance of relative distance
52
Relative Distance
Expresses the separation between points or places in terms of time, cost, or some other measure
53
Time-Space Distanciation
- Anthony Giddens | - the elongation of social systems across time and space
54
Geographic Scale
provides a way of depicting, in reduced form, all or part of the world - map or cartographic - observational or methodological
55
Map or Cartographic scale
expresses the ratio of distances on the map to distances on the Earth
56
Observational or Methodological Scale
Refers to the level(s) of analysis used in a specific project or study
57
Remote Sensing
acquiring information about something that is located at a distance from you - uses instruments or sensors to detect Earth-related phenomena and to provide information about them. - used for...weather, track oil spills, spatial extent of urban areas
58
Global Positioning System
uses a constellation of artifical satellites, radio signals, and receivers to determine the absolute location of people, places, or features on Earth.
59
Location Based Service
uses the location of GPS receiver to provide information about nearby businesses and sometimes even people
60
GeoSlavery
- term coined by geographers Jerome Dobson and Peter Fisher - refers to a practice in which one entity, the master, coercively or surreptitiously monitors and exerts control over the physical location of another individual, the slave
61
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A combination of hardware and software that enables the input, mangement, analysis, and visualization of georeferenced (location-based) data
62
Three Major Criticisms of GIS
1. ) GIS requires that users have access to the necessary hardware and software abd Before you can use GIS, you need data 2. ) GIS reinforces one power divide in society such that only those individuals and institutions that have the requisite financial resources can purchase and use GIS 3. ) GIS promotes a detached and strongly Western view of the world
63
Which of the following statements about place is false? A studies of place may begin with a consideration of site characteristics B every place has a unique absolute location C the situation of places can change D Sense of place is related to ability to navigate
d
64
``` Which of the following is most closely associated with relative space? A GPS receiver B Trade between two cities C Site D Formal regions ```
b
65
``` ____ diffusion, shown here, involves ____, where certain individuals or places are skipped because of their rank or status. A stimulus; bypassing B contagious; overlapping C stimulus; randomization D hierarchical; leapfrogging ```
d
66
``` As discussed in the chapter, key factors that influence spatial interaction include all of the following except A transferability B intervening opportunities C complementarity D relative distance ```
d
67
``` Globalization and time-space convergence affect our perception of ___ A culture B relative distance C regions D absolute distance ```
b
68
``` The statement, "there is no such this as culture" is most closely associated with A the nature-culture dualism B actor-network theory C culture reconceptualized D stimulus diffusion ```
c
69
Which of the following situations is not likely to involve remote sensing? A measuring the extent of an oil spill B overlaying different mapped datasets C identifying a pest infestation in an agricultural field D locating new settlements in rural areas
b
70
``` GPS is associated with all but one of the following. Which item does not belong? A absolute location B navigation C location-based services D indirect georeferencing ```
d
71
Which of the falling statements does not describe a characteristic of GIS? A GIS can relate settlement density to elevation B GIS can use raster or vector data C GIS can use directly but not indirectly georeferenced data D GIS links attribute data to spatial data
c
72
As discussed in the chapter, which of the following is not a major criticism of GIS? A If all the data are on the computer, GIS users may feel no need to know a place firsthand B Because of its reliance on state or regional data, GIS can reinforce conventional views C GIS data may not be publicly available for a specific place or project D GIS is a recognized low-cost solution to decision making and planning
d
73
Consider this statement: "Houses constructed with steep roofs or heavy thatch roofs are just two examples of responses to wet environmental conditions." Which viewpoint does it best express? A possiblism B Earth as a dynamic system C environmental determinism D cultural ecology
a
74
A good example of a functional region is A Red Sox Nation B a wealthy residential community C the area served by a TV station D an area with a high percentage of college graduates
c
75
``` An approach that uses the cultural landscape as a clue to people's values and priorities is ___ A reading the landscape B political ecology C regional analysis D actor-network theory ```
a

GEOG 102 (1 decks)

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