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GEOG 102 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Geography

A

Derived from greek words geo + graphia, meaning to write about or describe the Earth

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2
Q

Cultural Geography

A

An important subfield within human geography that studies the realationship between people and the natural environment

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3
Q

Physical Geography

A

Focuses on environmental dynamics

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4
Q

Human Geography

A
  • focuses on social dynamics (e.g. economic development, language diffusion, ethnic identity)
  • A branch of geography centered on the study of people, places, spatial variation in human activities, and the relationship between people and the environment.
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5
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

People who take the position that nautral factors control the development of human physiological and mental qualities

  • Roots of this come from Greeks
  • EX: people with sharpest minds come from temperate areas rather than extreme temperatures
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6
Q

Three Major Criticisms of Environmental Determinism

A
  1. ) Geographers found overly simplistic the linear, cause-effect relationship that forms the basis of ________.
  2. ) Similar natural settings do not produce the same cultural practices or human behavior.
  3. ) ________ tends to contribute to ethnocentric interpretations of sociocultural differences.
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7
Q

Political Ecology

A

An offshoot of cultural ecology that studies how economic forces and competition for power influence human behavior, especially decisions and attitudes involving the environment

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8
Q

Actor-Network Theory

A

A body of thought that emphasizes that humans and nonhumans are linked together in a dynamic set of relations that, in turn, influence human behavior

-challenges the idea that people have free will

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9
Q

Possibilism

A
  • reactions against environmental determinism gave rise to this
  • the view that people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions or constraints of a particular natural environment.
  • ________ists do not completely reject the diea of environmental influence
  • ________ists sees technological diversification as one mechanism for expanding the range of choices a society has
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10
Q

Carl Sauer

A

-_____ rejected environmental determinism and emphasized instead human agency, the ability of people to modify their surroundings.

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11
Q

Human Agency

A

The ability of people to modify their surroundings

-who emphasized this?

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12
Q

Cultural Landscapes

A

Over time, human activities transform natural landscapes into __________.

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13
Q

Social Construction

A

An invented concept that derives from shared perceptions and understandings

-This perspective acknowledges that people shape the natural environment through their practices and their ideas about what nature is or should be

EX: wilderness use to mean “wasteland” but now is strongly associated with naturla beauty

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14
Q

Earth as a dynamic, integrated system

A
  • geographers see people as intricately connected with the natural world
    (1) The Earth functions as a system made up of diverse components that interact in complex ways
    (2) The Earth is constantly changing as a result of natural and human-induced events
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15
Q

Types of Regions

A
  • Formal
  • Functional
  • Perceptual
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16
Q

Formal Region

A

An area that possesses one or more unifying physical or cultural traits.

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17
Q

Functional Region

A

An area unified by a specific economic, political, or social activity.
-Every _________ has at least one “node”, usually the business, office, or entity that coordinates the activity. Ex: State Capitals of each State

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18
Q

Perceptual Regions

A

Derive from people’s sense of identity and attachment to different areas
-borders are often highly variable since people tend to have very personal reasons for perceiving an area a certain way

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19
Q

Don Mitchell

A

“There’s no such THING as culture”

-caution against people trying to limit culture to specific and fixed habits of life

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20
Q

Culture

A

A social creation consisting of shared beliefs and practices that are dynmaic rather than fixed, and a complex system that is shaped by people and, in turn, influences them.

  1. ) _____ is a social creation
  2. ) _____ is dynamic, not fixed
  3. ) _____ is a complex system. People create and express ____, and in turn, ______ shapes and influences people
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21
Q

Place

A

A locality distinguished by specific physical and social characteristics

  • site
  • situation
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22
Q

Site

A

The physcial characterisitics of a place, such as its topography, vegetation, and water resources

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23
Q

Situation

A

The geographic context of a place, including its political, economic, social, or other characterisitcs

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24
Q

Sense of Place

A

Refers to the complex, emotional attachments that people develop with specific localities.

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25
Q

Space

A

Refers to either a bounded or unbounded area

  • Aboslute
  • Relative
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26
Q

Absolute Space

A

refers to an area whose dimensions, distances, directions, and contents can be precisely measured

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27
Q

Relative Space

A

Refers to space that is created and defined by human interactions, perceptions, or relations between events

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28
Q

Contingency

A

the idea that the outcome of human interactions and perceptions depends on who and what are involved

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29
Q

Spatial Perspective

A

the variations from one place or space to another in society and environment-society dynamics

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30
Q

Spatial Variation

A

Changes in the distribution of a phenomenon from one place or area to another

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31
Q

Spatial association

A

The degree to which two or more phenomena share similar distributions

32
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of phenomena on or near the Earth’s surface

33
Q

Spatial Diffusion

A

The movement of a phenomenon, such as an innovation, information, or an epidemic, across space and over time

34
Q

Four different types of diffusion

A
  1. ) Relocation
  2. ) Contagious
  3. ) Hierarchical
  4. ) Stimulus
35
Q

Relocation Diffusion

A

-migration is the most common type of ________

36
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

occurs when a phenomenon, such as the common cold, spreads randomly from one person to another.

37
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

Occurs in a top-down or rank-ordered manner

38
Q

Stimulus Diffusion

A

Occurs when the spread of an idea, a practice, or other phenomenon prompts a new idea or innovation.

39
Q

Globalization

A

Refers to the greater interconnectedness and interdependence of people and places around the world

40
Q

Spatial interaction

A

the connections and relations that develop among places and regions as a result of the movement or flow of people, goods, or information
-term coined by geographer Edward Ullman

41
Q

Three Factors that Influence Spatial Interaction

A
  1. ) Complementarity
  2. ) Transferability
  3. ) Intervening Opportunities
42
Q

Complementarity

A

Exists when one place or region can supply the demand for resources or goods in another place or region

  • aka provides a basis for trade
  • ______ also exists when people travel from their homes to a movie theater or gas station
43
Q

Economy of Scale

A

Refers to the reduction in the average production cost of an item as a result of increasing the number of items produced

44
Q

Transferability

A

The cost of moving a good and the ability of the good to withstand that cost
-high-value goods that are not bulky and can be easily transported, such as jewelry, have high ______

45
Q

Friction of Distance

A

The way that distance can impede movement or interaction between places

46
Q

Intervening Opportunity

A

A different location that can provide a desired good more economically
ex: going to another gas station other than your usual because other said gas station has lower prices

47
Q

Accessibility

A

means the ease of reaching a particular place

ex: parks have high ______ because they are free

48
Q

Connectivity

A

An expression of accessibility:

-the number and kind of linkages it posseses

49
Q

Distance Decay

A

The tapering off of a process, pattern, or event over a distance

50
Q

Waldo Tobler

A
  • an expert in spatial interaction modeling
  • said “Everything is related to eveything else, but near things are more related than distant things.”
  • _______ first law of geography
  • Played a key role in the discussion of distance decay
51
Q

Time-Space Convergence

A
  • when the reduction of friction of distance occurs, places seem to become closer together in both time and space.
  • highlights the importance of relative distance
52
Q

Relative Distance

A

Expresses the separation between points or places in terms of time, cost, or some other measure

53
Q

Time-Space Distanciation

A
  • Anthony Giddens

- the elongation of social systems across time and space

54
Q

Geographic Scale

A

provides a way of depicting, in reduced form, all or part of the world

  • map or cartographic
  • observational or methodological
55
Q

Map or Cartographic scale

A

expresses the ratio of distances on the map to distances on the Earth

56
Q

Observational or Methodological Scale

A

Refers to the level(s) of analysis used in a specific project or study

57
Q

Remote Sensing

A

acquiring information about something that is located at a distance from you

  • uses instruments or sensors to detect Earth-related phenomena and to provide information about them.
  • used for…weather, track oil spills, spatial extent of urban areas
58
Q

Global Positioning System

A

uses a constellation of artifical satellites, radio signals, and receivers to determine the absolute location of people, places, or features on Earth.

59
Q

Location Based Service

A

uses the location of GPS receiver to provide information about nearby businesses and sometimes even people

60
Q

GeoSlavery

A
  • term coined by geographers Jerome Dobson and Peter Fisher
  • refers to a practice in which one entity, the master, coercively or surreptitiously monitors and exerts control over the physical location of another individual, the slave
61
Q

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A

A combination of hardware and software that enables the input, mangement, analysis, and visualization of georeferenced (location-based) data

62
Q

Three Major Criticisms of GIS

A
  1. ) GIS requires that users have access to the necessary hardware and software abd Before you can use GIS, you need data
  2. ) GIS reinforces one power divide in society such that only those individuals and institutions that have the requisite financial resources can purchase and use GIS
  3. ) GIS promotes a detached and strongly Western view of the world
63
Q

Which of the following statements about place is false?
A studies of place may begin with a consideration of site characteristics
B every place has a unique absolute location
C the situation of places can change
D Sense of place is related to ability to navigate

A

d

64
Q 
Which of the following is most closely associated with relative space?
A GPS receiver
B Trade between two cities
C Site
D Formal regions
A

b

65
Q 
\_\_\_\_ diffusion, shown here, involves \_\_\_\_, where certain individuals or places are skipped because of their rank or status.
A stimulus; bypassing
B contagious; overlapping
C stimulus; randomization
D hierarchical; leapfrogging
A

d

66
Q 
As discussed in the chapter, key factors that influence spatial interaction include all of the following except
A transferability
B intervening opportunities
C complementarity
D relative distance
A

d

67
Q 
Globalization and time-space convergence affect our perception of \_\_\_
A culture
B relative distance
C regions
D absolute distance
A

b

68
Q 
The statement, "there is no such this as culture" is most closely associated with
A the nature-culture dualism
B actor-network theory
C culture reconceptualized
D stimulus diffusion
A

c

69
Q

Which of the following situations is not likely to involve remote sensing?
A measuring the extent of an oil spill
B overlaying different mapped datasets
C identifying a pest infestation in an agricultural field
D locating new settlements in rural areas

A

b

70
Q 
GPS is associated with all but one of the following. Which item does not belong?
A absolute location
B navigation
C location-based services
D indirect georeferencing
A

d

71
Q

Which of the falling statements does not describe a characteristic of GIS?
A GIS can relate settlement density to elevation
B GIS can use raster or vector data
C GIS can use directly but not indirectly georeferenced data
D GIS links attribute data to spatial data

A

c

72
Q

As discussed in the chapter, which of the following is not a major criticism of GIS?
A If all the data are on the computer, GIS users may feel no need to know a place firsthand
B Because of its reliance on state or regional data, GIS can reinforce conventional views
C GIS data may not be publicly available for a specific place or project
D GIS is a recognized low-cost solution to decision making and planning

A

d

73
Q

Consider this statement: “Houses constructed with steep roofs or heavy thatch roofs are just two examples of responses to wet environmental conditions.” Which viewpoint does it best express?

A possiblism
B Earth as a dynamic system
C environmental determinism
D cultural ecology

A

a

74
Q

A good example of a functional region is
A Red Sox Nation
B a wealthy residential community
C the area served by a TV station
D an area with a high percentage of college graduates

A

c

75
Q 
An approach that uses the cultural landscape as a clue to people's values and priorities is \_\_\_
A reading the landscape
B political ecology
C regional analysis
D actor-network theory
A

a

GEOG 102 (1 decks)

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