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Biology 191 > Chapter 1-6 > Flashcards

Chapter 1-6 Flashcards

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0
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Internal conditions stay relatively constant

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1
Q

What are the 10 things that define life?

A
  1. Made of atoms and molecules
  2. grow and reproduce
  3. Contains genetic information
  4. Can obtain and use energy from environment
  5. Regulation and coordination
  6. Sensitive to environment
  7. interaction
  8. Homeostasis
  9. Molecules build to organelles
  10. Genetic information can change
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2
Q

What are the 6 steps of the scientific method?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis
  3. experiments
  4. write paper
  5. peer-review
  6. published
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3
Q

What are 7 main themes and theories of biology?

A
  1. Cell theory
  2. Storage and use of genetic information
  3. central dogma
  4. function and structure of controls
  5. evolution change in a population through time
  6. natural selection process that leads to evolution
  7. Ecology
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4
Q

What is ecology?

A

interactions between organisms and between organisms and their environment

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

A process where some organisms in a population do better than others. these reproduce and survive

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6
Q

What must organisms do in order to be apart of natural selection?

A

reproduce sexually
be variable
tested by their environment

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7
Q

What are atoms?

A

Make up matter

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8
Q

What is the nucleus of atoms made up of?

A

protons and nuetons

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9
Q

Where are electrons located?

A

In orbitals and differnt energy levels

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10
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

the number of protons

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11
Q

What is C?

A

Carbon

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12
Q

What is H?

A

Hydrogen

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13
Q

What is N?

A

Nitrogen

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14
Q

What is O?

A

Oxygen

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15
Q

What is S?

A

Sulfur

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16
Q

What is P?

A

Phosphorus

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17
Q

What is K?

A

Potassium

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18
Q

What is CA?

A

calcium

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19
Q

What is Fe?

A

Iron

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20
Q

What is Na?

A

Sodium

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21
Q

What is Cl?

A

chlorine

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22
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gaining of an electron

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23
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of an electron

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24
What do more stable atoms have?
a full outer electron energy level
25
What is an ionic bond?
When a positive atom is attracted to a negative one
26
What is a covalent bond?
shared electrons | shown by a solid line
27
Can polar molecules dissolve in water?
Yes
28
Can non polar molecules dissolve in water?
no
29
Can ionic compounds dissolve in water?
Yes
30
What is a solution?
A liquid mixture where a solvent and a solute mix together
31
What is a solvent?
A liquid that has the ability to dissolve other materials
32
What is a solute?
the item that is dissolved in the solvent
33
What is something called when it is soluble?
hydrophilic
34
What is cohesion ?
When like objects attract
35
what is adhesion?
Attraction of unlike substance
36
Why does ice float?
hydrogen bonds hold molecules slightly apart creating a lighter substance
37
What is specific heat?
amount of energy or heat absorbed by 1 gram of a substance to raise its temperature by 1 degree c
38
Why does water have a high specific heat?
because of the hydrogen bonds
39
What is an acid?
A substance that tends to realease an ionized hydrogen into a solution
40
What is a base?
A compound that tends to release OH negative into a solution. also can be a compound that tends to take up H positive
41
What is an enzyme?
``` Molecules that speed up reactions made of protein many types not used up or changed by reactions have to keep PH constant ```
42
What helps keep PH constant?
Buffer
43
What do organic molecules always contain?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, a carbon core/skeleton
44
What is dehydration reaction?
monomers are put together into a polymer
45
What is the hydrolysis reaction?
Monomers are broken apart into a polymer
46
What is a pentose?
5-carbon sugar. | IE deoxyribose in DNA
47
What is the 6-carbon sugar called and whats an example?
Hexose. GLucose
48
What is a polysaccharide?
many monomers that join together
49
What are lipids?
Fats, oils, etc not H2O soluble variety contain energy
50
What are the five main types of lipids?
``` Fatty acids fat and oil molecules phospholipids waxes steroids ```
51
What are fatty acids made of?
long chain of carbon attached to a COOH (acid group)
52
What are fat and oil molecules made of?
consists of three fatty acids and are connected by a triple of carbons
53
What are phospholipids made of?
consists of two fatty acids (no polar end) that are connected by a triple of carbons with a phosphate containing group (polar end)
54
What are six of the functions of protein?
``` Enzymes structural elements some are hormones used for transport cell surface reception, taking in messages from the outside of cells recognize foreign elements ```
55
What is the primary structure of protein?
the order of amino acids
56
What is the secondary structure of protein?
either the coiling up of a chain into an alpha helix or the bending of the chain into a beta sheet
57
What is a motif?
a repeating element
58
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
folding of secondary structure into something more globe like
59
What is the domain of a protein?
functional sections of a protein
60
What is the quaternary structure of protein?
when more than one chain form in protein. Ex hemoglobin
61
What is denature/denaturation?
happens when something goes wrong with protein. IE incorrect PH, temperature, certain chemicals
62
What is ATP?
adenosine triphosphate a nucleotide plus two phosphates energy currency molecule
63
What is cell theory?
group of ideas that came about 1830-1860. - all living organisms are made of cells - cells are the smallest living unit - cells come from other cells - hereditary information is carried by cells - chemical reactions go on in cells
64
What three people helped come up with cell theory?
Schleiden, Schwann, Virchow
65
What was Robert Hooke contribution and when did it take place?
1665, looked at bark of oak trees, saw that it was made of holes and named those holes a cell
66
Who observed pond water, sperm, etc under a microscope?
Van Leeuwenhoek in the late 1600's
67
What are prokaryotes?
``` Bacteria have genetic information in DNA no nucleus, only a nucleoid no membrane bound organelles came before eukaryotes also tends to be bacteria ```
68
What is a eukaryote?
Everything besides bacteria has genetic information in DNA DNA is in the nucleus of cell there are membrane bound organelles
69
What does the measurement M stand for and how much is it?
Meter, 39 inches
70
What does the measurement MM stand for and how long is it?
Millimeter, 1000 millimeter in 1 meter or 10^3 in one meter, 1 millimeter in 10^-3 meters
71
What does the measurement mM stand for and how long is it?
micrometer. 1000000 micrometer in 1 meter, 10^6 in one meter, 1 micrometer in 10^-6 meter
72
How large is the typical prokaryote cell?
1-10 mM
73
How big is the typical eukaryote cell?
10-100 mM
74
What does the measurement NM stand for and how long is it?
Nanometer. 10^9 nanometer in a meter. 1 nanometer in 10^-9 meter
75
What is the diameter of DNA?
2 nanometer
76
What does resolve mean?
The ability to tell apart two things
77
How much can the human eye resolve?
To about 0.1 nm
78
How much can light microscopes resolve to?
0.2 mM
79
What are the two types of electron microscopes?
Transmission Electron | Scanning Electron
80
What can you view with a transmission electron microscopes and what is the resolution?
Can look inside the object | 0.2 nm
81
What can you view using a scanning electron microscope?
surface of object
82
What is the plasma membrane?
around the outside of the cell all cells have it made of phospholipids and proteins
83
What is the cytoplasm?
located inside the membrane besides the nucleus | contains water and organelles
84
What is the location of genetic information in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes- nucleoid | eukaryotes- nucleus
85
Are ribosomes membrane bound organelles?
no
86
What do the cells of prokaryotes look like?
``` Have a cell wall some have a capsule simple cytoplasm ribosomes flagellum ```
87
What is a capsule?
additional adhesive that goes around cell walls
88
What is a nucleus?
``` Eukaryotic characteristic stores genetic information controls the use of DNA usually one nucleus per cell usually the largest organeele in the cell ```
89
What is the structure of a nucleus?
``` Round has a pair of membranes surrounding it that is broken by nuclear pores contains chromosomes often have two copies of each chromosome often contains nucleolus ```
90
What is a nucleolus?
has very active metabolic activity, appears dark in stain
91
What does ER stand for?
endoplasmic reticulum
92
What is an endoplasmic reticulum?
netlike substance in cells network of membranes in cells sometimes looks like tubes or even sacks
93
What is the function of ER?
place where lipids and carbohydrates are made (smooth ER) Place where proteins are synthesized (rough ER) channel molecules around divide cytoplasm
94
What is the rough ER?
ER that holds ribosome son surface to synthesized proteins
95
What is a smooth ER?
a ER that is just the membrane. Makes lipids and carbohydrates
96
What are ribosomes?
little protein factories appear in large numbers made of proteins, ribosomal RNA located either on rough ER, or free in cytoplasm
97
What are the functions of Golgi bodies?
process molecules, package molecules store molecules send off and transport molecules
98
What do Golgi bodies look like?
look like a stack of pancakes
99
What types of vesicles go in and out of golgi bodies?
transport vesicles go in | secretory vesicles go out
100
What are vesicles
little membrane bound thing carrying something
101
What two things can combine to create a glycolipid?
sugars and lipids
102
What is a glycoprotein made of?
sugar and protein
103
What are lysosomes?
little digestive vesicles
104
What is the function of lysosomes?
carry enzymes to digest digest old organelles digest food particles digest dangerous bacterium
105
What is a central vacuole?
found in plants | contains lots of water, ion, sugar, waste products, color pigmetns
106
What is the purpose of a central vacuole?
The water provides pressure and helps keep the plant solid and sturdy
107
What is contractile vacuole?
keeps organisms from exploding from too much water by pumping water out
108
Where are cell walls found?
in fungi, plants, some protists, | not found in animals
109
what is the cell wall made of?
cellulose | matrix
110
What is the matrix in cell walls made of?
lipids lignin (makes it strong) pectin substance (sticky)
111
What is the structure of a cell wall?
middle lamella- line between cells Primary wall- wall inside of cells plasma dermatan- communicates between cells secondary wall- much thicker and stronger than primary wall
112
Where is mitochondria found?
in all eukaryotes
113
What is the function of mitochondria?
cellular aerobic respiration occurs here | use sugars to make ATP
114
What is the structure of mitochondria
outer membrane- overall diameter of 0.5 mM inside has a great amount of membrane because it is folded in on itself contains an inner matrix
115
What are the folds in mitochondria called?
crista
116
Where is the chloroplast located?
in plants and some protists
117
What is the function of chloroplast?
site of photosynthesis
118
What is the structure of chloroplast?
two membranes- outer and inner little bigger than mitochondria- 4-6 mM inside has stack of membranes that looks like pancakes has it own DNA
119
What are the stacks of membranes called in the chloroplast?
thylakoid
120
What are each stack called in chloroplast?
granum
121
Why does the chloroplast and mitochondria contain some DNA
arose from one cell engulfing another (endosymbiont theory)
122
What is the cytoskeleton?
network of fibers (protein) in cytoplasm
123
What are the functions of the cytoskeleton?
anchoring organelles support cell shape movement
124
What are the three types of cytoskeletons?
Microtubules, actin filaments, intermediate filaments
125
What are microtubules
``` made of protein hollow move chromosomes in cell division move vesicles and other things move cilia and flagella form cell plate in plant cell division ```
126
What are actin filaments?
``` microfilaments made of actin used in muscles involved in cell crawling used in animal cell division ```
127
What are intermediate filaments?
structural stability
128
What are the two different types of cell identity?
cell surface markers | tissue level
129
What two molecules are used for cell surface markers?
protein and carbohydrate
130
What two molecules are used for tissue level cell identity?
lipid and carbohydrate
131
What are the four types of cell junctions?
tight junction, desmosomes gap junction plasmodesmata
132
What are the two main categories for cell junctions?
either communication junctions or attachment junctions
133
What are tight junctions?
animal holds cells tightly together prevents any leakage between cells
134
What is desmosomes?
uses the intermediate filaments in cytoplasm and cadherin strong found in skin cells animal
135
What is gap junction?
found in animal used for communication ions and other molecules can move between cells to communicate
136
What is plasmodesmata?
found in plant cells | compounds can move across for ccommunication
137
What is the cell membrane made of?
40-50% phospholipids | 50-60% proteins
138
What is the lipid bilayer?
When the phospholipids and the proteins are together and molecules can move around
139
What are the six types of membrane proteins?
``` transporter molecules enzyme cell surface receptor identity markers cell-to-cell adhesion attachment to the cytoskeleton ```
140
What are the transporter molecules?
there is the channel and carriers channels-open like a pore carriers- opens up by itself
141
What is the use of enzymes in the membrane?
to help identify
142
What are cell surface receptors?
takes a signal and it tells the cell the response
143
What are identity markers?
protein with a carbohydrate chain attached
144
what is cell-to-cell adhesion?
proteins that are attached to one another
145
what is diffusion?
movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
146
What does direct diffusion deal with?
O2 and CO2
147
What is osmosis?
diffusion of H2O molecules from high concentration to a low concentration area
148
What does isosmotic mean?
equal or isotonic
149
What is the higher concentration of molecules?
hyperosmotic
150
what is the lower concentration of molecules called?
hypoosmotic
151
When diffusion uses ion channels, what way does the molecules move?
from high to low concentration
152
What is facilitated diffusion?
when it is helped out by protein carrier | only from high to low concentrations
153
What is active transport?
uses atp uses protein carrier taking from low to high concentration
154
What is coupled transport
appears with active transport carrier can only function if two different molecules appear uses the ATP from the active transport

Biology 191 (5 decks)

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