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Biology 191 > Chapters 6-9 > Flashcards

Chapters 6-9 Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the two states of energy?

A

Kinetic-movement

Potential- Stored

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1
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Science of energy transformations

uses Kilicalies

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2
Q

What are the two laws of energy?

A
  1. Energy can be changed from one form to a second form but not created or destroyed.
  2. In energy conversions the potential energy of the final state is always less than the potential energy of the initial state
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3
Q

What type of energy do these elements use?

  1. Heat
  2. Electrical
  3. Light
  4. Sound
  5. Chemical
A
  1. kinetic and potential
  2. kinetic and potential
  3. kinetic
  4. kinetic
  5. kinetic and potential
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4
Q

If the second law is true, that means?

A

Some energy is given off during conversions

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5
Q

What is exergonic?

A

Energy is given off

Potentially the reaction could be spontaneous

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6
Q

What is endergonic reactions?

A

Requires energy

Must be coupled to an exergonic reation

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7
Q

What is entropy?

A

The disorder or randomness of a system

Things tend toward greater entropy

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8
Q

What do these things mean?

  1. H
  2. Delta H
  3. G
  4. Delta G
  5. T
  6. Delta S
A
  1. Potential energy
  2. Change in potential energy
  3. Gives free energy
  4. Change in gives free energy
  5. Temperature
  6. Change in entropy
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9
Q

What does Delta G = Delta H- T Delta S mean?

A

Change in gives free energy = the change in potential energy minus temperature and change in entropy.

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10
Q

What happens in every reaction?

A

Some energy is lost to entropy, increasing it

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11
Q

What are enzymes needed for?

A

Metabolism

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12
Q

What are synthetic reactions?

A

Anabolism

Endergonic

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13
Q

What are breakdown reactions?

A

Catabolism

Exergonic

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14
Q

What is the structure of enzymes?

A
  • Globular
  • protein
  • three structures
  • active site
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15
Q

What are the three main structures of an enzyme?

A
  • Primary- order of amino structure
  • Secondary- how it coils in on itself
  • Third- how it forms a globe like shape
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16
Q

What is the enzyme active site?

A

where the substrate attaches

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17
Q

What is a biological catalyst?

A
  • Speed up reaction
  • not used up in reaction
  • very specific in what they do
  • many different types
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18
Q

What is a control site of the enzyme?

A
  • called allosteric site
  • changes it to go faster or slower
  • allosteric inhibitor
  • feedback inhibition
  • end-product inhibition
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19
Q

What are coenzymes (cofactors)?

A
  • organic molecules

- carries electrons

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20
Q

Where are enzymes?

A

EVERYWHERE

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21
Q

How are enzymes arranged?

A

in groups

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22
Q

Are all biological catalysts made of protein?

A

No some are RNA ACT as catalysts called ribozymes

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23
Q

What is ATP?

A

Energy currency of the cell

the T means Tri

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24
What is photosynthesis?
The ability to make food in the presence of sunlight/artificial light. The process by which the energy of light is used to fix or reduce CO2 into organic compounds
25
What is an autotroph?
- self feeders - they do photosynthesis - includes plants, algae/protista, and some bacteria
26
What is an heterotrph?
non self feeders do not use Photosynthesis includes animals, some bacteria, fungi, and some protists
27
What is the chemical formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2+12H2O + light -> C6H12O6 (glucose) +6 H2O + 6O2 | Carbon is reduced
28
What is the function of photosynthesis?
To make glucose/sugar
29
How much photosynthesis occurs on land compared to the ocean?
A bit under 50% happens on land. A bit over 50% happens in the oceans
30
What is the overall procedure of photosynthesis?
- Capture sun's energy - make ATP and NADPH - Use ATP and NADPH to make sugar
31
Where does photosynthesis occur?
in the green parts of plants
32
What is the general leaf stucture?
- Top= upper epidermis- also called cuticle - Bottom= lower epidermis- contains stoma - inside= mesophyll
33
What is the structure of the mesophyllf?
- contains 1 or more rows of vertical cells called Palisade mesophyll (photosynthesis happens mostly here) - Below are cells arranged in spongy formation called spongy mesophyll (somewhat photosynthesis) - Veins contain conducting cells and protective cells
34
What cells bring molecules up and which ones bring them down in a leaf?
xylem- up | phloem- down
35
What is the structure of a thylakoid?
individual sacks inside the chloroplast. contain photosystems and photosynthesis happens here.
36
Is light necessary in all parts of photosynthesis?
Photosynthesis is a 2-part process. Light-dependent and light-independent reactions
37
What is light-dependent reactions?
Directly dependent on light | using sun's energy to make ATP and NADPH
38
What are light-independent reactions?
Use ATP and NADPH to make sugar chemical reactions also called the calvin cycle
39
What is light?
radiant energy from the sun. Happens in waves and particles. The light energy particles are called photons. The longer the wave, the less energetic the photon is
40
What are the kinds of photosynthetic pigments?
Chlorophyll- green Carotenoids- yellow/oranges Phycobiloproteins- Red/Blue
41
What is Chlorophyll?
Main pigment in thylakoid membranes and in photosystems. | Three kinds. Chlorophyll A main pigment. Chlorophyll B and Chlorophyll C are accessory pigments
42
What is the chemical equation for light dependent reactions?
H2O+NADP+ADP+P->light-> NADPH+O2+ATP
43
What is ATP synthase?
Electron movement cause proton accumulation in thylosac which cased ATP synthesis. shows up in chloroplast and mitochondria called chemiosmosis
44
What are light-independent reactions?
use ATP+NADPH to make sugar happens in stroma called calvin cycle
45
What is the Calvin cycle?
3 CO2->3-5C sugars (RuBP) receive -> 6-3C (PGA)-> energizing by 6ATP and broken down to 6ADP+6P -> 6-3C-> splitting to 6 NADPH, 6NADP+, 6-3C (G3P) -> 1 G3P leaves-> glucose. 5-3C goes and reorganizes to 3-5C using 3 ATP
46
What are C3 plants?
Light dependent and go through the Calvin Cycle
47
What is photorespiration?
Rubisco enzyme is slow but also can work backwards and destroy sugar happens when it is hot
48
Why does photorespiration happens when it is hot?
Close stomata, carbon dioxide will be used up and concentration goes down.
49
What are C4 plants?
- light dependent reactions - go through calvin cycle - also have a C4 enzyme (makes it better) - has a delivery system for Calvin cycle - CO2 is picked up in one place and used somewhere else
50
What is used in the C4 cycle and is more expensive to use?
ATP
51
What is PEP carboxylase?
- No photorespiration - more expensive - makes sugar even if the stomata are closed a lot
52
What are examples of C4 plants?
- Corn - Sugarcane - Crabgrass
53
What is ATP used for?
Movement | drive endergonic reactions
54
What is the formula for Cellular Aerobic Respiration?
C6H12O6 (glucose)+6O2->32 ATP 6CO2+H2O
55
What type of reaction is Anabolic?
Endergonic
56
What type of reaction is Catabolic reaction?
Exergonic
57
How are Catabolic and anabolic reactions related?
Catabolic reactions provide energy for the anabolic reactions
58
What is glycolysis?
Splitting of sugar
59
Where does glycolysis happen?
In the cytoplasm | not officially cellular aerobic respiration
60
Where does aerobic respiration happen?
Mitochondria
61
What is the process of glycolysis?
glucose->2-3C (2 pyruvate). Gets 4 ATP + 2 NADH's (electron carrier). Cell uses 2 ATP but receives 4 ATP + 2 NADH
62
What is the process of aerobic respiration?
two parts pyruvate -> 2C+1C. 2C-> 1C+1C.
63
Where does the oxidation of pyruvate happen?
in mitochondria
64
How is a pyruvate oxidized?
2 pyruvate (2-3C) -> 2 coenzyme A-> 2-3C (acetyl group) +2-1C (CO2)
65
What is the process of the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl+Coenzyme A -> 4C -> 6C -> NADH +CO2 (leaves) -> 5C -> 4C -> ATP -> 4C -> repeats to beginning -> FADH2 + NADH
66
What is an electron transport chain?
A series of membrane bound electron carriers foubnd in the inner membrane
67
How do electrons move in an electron transport chain?
Move to oxygen in the end | -make water
68
What is the Chemiosmosis theory?
That in the inner membrane space the PH is acidic
69
What is Fermentation?
when low energy electrons are taken by organic molecules
70
What is fermentation called in animal cells?
lactic acid
71
How are signals received between two cells?
By receptor proteins | and in three stages
72
Where is receptor proteins located?
either in the cell or in the cell membrane/plasma membrane
73
What are the three stages involved in cell signaling?
1. Signal is received by protein, signal attaches to receptor. 2. signal transduction, translation of the signal into a response 3. response
74
Where does the signal received by cells stop?
At the protein, though it provides chemical information to continue to the end
75
What are the four types of signaling?
1. Paracrine 2. endocrine 3. Synaptic 4. Direct
76
What is paracrine signaling?
- local - cells sends to a cell close by - Ex. Embryo
77
What is endocrine signaling?
- much further - distant cells - hormones are used - travels through blood vessels
78
What is synaptic signaling?
- nerve cells | - nerve to another cell
79
What is direct contact signaling?
- touching cells | - uses gap junction
80
What must the signal be to be received by an intracellular receptor?
lipid soluble | ex. ligand
81
How to intracellular receptors act?
as gene regulator - turns on genes - regulates steroid hormones
82
What type of signals are received on the cell surface?
Not lipid soluble
83
What kind of receptors are on the cell surface?
Enzyme- Kinase (adds a phosphate group) Chemically gated ion receptors- channel through which ions move Gene protein coupled receptors- signal binding site on outside and gene protein binding site on inside
84
What is the different secondary messengers in cells?
Ions or smaller molecules
85
What are chromosomes made of?
Chromatin. 40% DNA. 60% protein
86
What happens to DNA during cell division?
all DNA is condensed
87
What are the two stages DNA is in when the cell is not dividing?
Some DNA is permanently condensed (Heterochromatin) . Much of it is un-condensed (euchromatin)
88
What is the structure chromosomes?
has two halves- 2 sister chromatids centromere is the section that is held together has cohesion protein holds the chromatids together kinetochores are there to attached microtubulars when needed
89
What is the cell cycle?
a process of growth and division of cells
90
What are the 5 phases of the cell cycle?
``` Gap phase 1 (G1) DNA synthesis (S) Gap phase 2 (G2) Mitosis Cytokinesis ```
91
What is G1?
Cell grows here
92
What is S?
DNA replicates and makes anew molecule
93
What is G2?
more stuff is made
94
What is mitosis?
Division of 1 nucleus into 2 nuclei
95
What is cytokinesis?
division of 1 cell into 2 cells

Biology 191 (5 decks)

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