chapter 1

Question 1

what is nutrition?

Answer 1

nutrition includes:
taking in food (or plants making their own food)
b.breaking down large food molecules into smaller molecules so they can be used by the body of digestion.
c.getting rid of (eliminating) undigested food

Question 2

what is transport?

Answer 2

Transport is taking materials (digested food, oxygen, etc) into the organism (living things) and spreading (circulating) the material (digested food, oxygen,etc.) throughout the organism.

Question 3

What is respiration?

Answer 3

It is producing energy from breaking down nutrients into simpler, smaller pieces, such as carbon dioxide and water; the energy that is produced is stored in the form (ATP) that can be used for life processes.

Question 4

What is excretion?

Answer 4

Excretion is the removal (getting rid of)waste (metabolic wastes) produced from life processes.

Question 5

What is synthesis?

Answer 5

Synthesis includes all the chemical reactions that take place when smaller molecules join together (combine) to form larger molecules.

Question 6

What is regulation?

Answer 6

It controls and coordination of all life activities by nerves and chemicals in the blood in order to maintain homeostasis.

Question 7

What is homeostasis?

Answer 7

Homeostasis means a stable or balanced internal environmental.

Question 8

growth

Answer 8

Increase in size and number of cells in the organism.

Question 9

Reproduction

Answer 9

producing new individual which is not needed for the survival of each individual.

Question 10

Locomotion

Answer 10

moving from one place to place

Question 11

What are organic molecules?

Answer 11

have both carbon and hydrogen. examples sugar, starch, proteins, fats, enzymes, and DNA.

Question 12

What are inorganic molecules?

Answer 12

Do not have carbon and hydrogen together but can have any element combined with other elements to form inorganic molecules.

Question 13

cell

Answer 13

the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

Question 14

How are cells organized?

Answer 14

cell combine to form tissues, tissues combine to form organs, organs combine to form organs systems, and organ systems combine to form the organisms.
cell-tissues-organ-organ systems-organism

Question 15

What is cell membrane?

Answer 15

it surrounds the cell. It controls (regulates) which materials enter the cell or leaves the cell.It lets wastes leave the cell(waste disposal).

Question 16

What is nucleus?

Answer 16

It is the control center, it controls all life processes. The nucleus stores genetic information; information in the nucleus directs proteins synthesis of smaller molecules to form proteins.

Question 17

What are vacuoles?

Answer 17

storage sacs that are inside the cytoplasm. It can store different materials such as food, water, or waste.

Question 18

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 18

It is called the powerhouse of the cell. It takes place where cellular respiration and contains enzymes that take the energy out of food and produce energy in the form of ATP.

Question 19

What are ribosomes?

Answer 19

The site of protein synthesis. Some ribosome is attached to membranes and is floating in the cytoplasm

Question 20

What is chloroplast?

Answer 20

The chloroplast is only in plants (contain Chlorophyll) and can make their own food in the presence of light.

Question 21

what are cell walls?

Answer 21

They are found in plants cells and not in animal cells. Cells walls support the plant.

Question 22

How do organelles work togther?

Answer 22

They interact to maintain a balanced internal environment (Homeostasis).

Question 23

What are proteins in the cell membrane called?

Answer 23

They are called (receptors) recognize and respond to chemical signals. The chemical signals attach to the proteins on the membrane, causing the cell to respond (react).

Question 24

What is diffusion?

Answer 24

Molecules go from an area of high concentration across a membrane to an area of lower concentration.

Question 25

What is diffusion of water called?

Answer 25

When water goes from a higher concentration of water across a membrane to a lower concentration of water is called osmosis.

Question 26

What if diffusion and osmosis (diffusion of water are called?

Answer 26

It is passive transport because no energy is required for diffusion.

Question 27

When is a plant cell water put into salt water? what occurs

Answer 27

The cell with its cell membrane shrinks ( gets smaller).

Question 28

What is active transport?

Answer 28

Some cells use cellular energy (energy from ATP) to force materials to go across a membrane from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration.

Question 29

What are hormones?

Answer 29

regulate how the body works (make sure the body works properly)

Question 30

study

Answer 30

Each receptor is specific and can only recognize and respond to a specific hormone.

Question 31

study 2

Answer 31

The receptor is on the cell membrane; the receptor molecule with the hormone sends a signal to that cell, telling the what to do.

Question 32

study 3

Answer 32

The hormone insulin in the blood attaches to a receptor on liver cells, telling (communicating to) the liver cells to remove glucose from the blood and store it in the liver.

Question 33

What does pancreas produce?

Answer 33

it produces the hormone insulin goes to the liver and tells the liver "take glucose out of the blood".

Question 34

study 4

Answer 34

The receptor with the chemical (acetylcholine) sends a message through its nerve cell to a muscle, gland, or another nerve cell telling the muscle, gland or another nerve cell what to do.

Question 35

In the mouth

Answer 35

``` The teeth break the food mechanically (example, a sandwich broken down into smaller pieces) The enzyme (ptyalin) in saliva (the liquid in the mouth) begins the digestion of starch, breaking down starch chemically into a type sugar (which is a simpler substance). ```

Question 36

what goes down the esophagus

Answer 36

food esophagus ( the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach)

Question 37

study 5

Answer 37

The stomach ( see digestive system diagram above) has the gastric juice that has enzymes that begin protein digestion. The stomach has hydrochloric acid.

Question 38

study 6

Answer 38

Partially digested food goes into the small intestine. The small intense is a long coiled tube. The enzymes in the small intense help more to break down chemically the partially digested protein and sugar into simpler substances that the body can use. The liver goes through a duct into the small intestine. The pancreas produces pancreatic juice, which goes into the small intense. Digested food goes through the villi and goes into the bloodstream and then goes by diffusion to the cells of the body and even into parts of the cell such as the mitochondria. The undigested food goes from the small intense to the large intense. The large intense absorbs excess water from the undigested food and water goes into the blood by diffusion and then goes by diffusion to the cells of the body. Undigested food goes into the rectum and undigested food leaves the body through an opening called the anus.

Question 39

a laboratory experiment shows that starch

Answer 39

cannot go through the membrane because starch is a large molecule and cannot go through the membrane.

Question 40

study 7

Answer 40

The circulatory system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The function of the circulatory system is to transport (carry) dissolved material to al parts of the body and carry and take away wastes and carbon dioxide. The blood also carries hormones and antibodies.

Question 41

study 8 (respiratory system)

Answer 41

Air goes from the nose to the trachea (windpipe), to the bronchi (bronchial tubes), and then to the lungs. The oxygen in the air goes from the alveoli in the lungs to the blood, which goes to all parts of the body. In short, the function of the respiratory system is breathing, also called gas exchange.

Question 42

study 9 l( excretory system)

Answer 42

It consists of the lungs, kidneys and sweat glands in the skin. The function of the excretory system is to remove wastes produced by the cells of the body.

Question 43

study 10 (nervous system)

Answer 43

The nervous is made of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. The nervous system helps in cellular communication. Nerves carry a message from the body, from your hands, feet, etc.

Question 44

study 11 ( endocrine system)

Answer 44

It also helps cellular communication. It produces hormones which tell other organs what to do. It regulates the body.

Question 45

Male repropductive system

Answer 45

The tests produce the sperm. The sperm goes from the tests to the sperm duct and then to the urethra, which is the penis. Th tests produce testosterone, male sex hormone which influences the development of secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 46

female reproductive system

Answer 46

The ovaries produce eggs. The eggs go from the ovary to the oviduct and then to the uterus. The fertilized egg goes down the oviduct to the uterus. Ovaries produce estrogen that influences the development of the secondary sex characteristics. Ovaries produce progesterone which regulates the menstrual cycle and prepares the uterus for pregnancy. It attaches to its receptor.

Question 47

study 12(movement)

Answer 47

The skeletal system(bones) supports the body. The muscular system helps the animal move.

Question 48

study13 (immunity)

Answer 48

The immune system fights organisms that cause diseases, protecting the body aginst diseases, other white blood cells produce antibodies.Antibodies and white cells together kill pathogens.