Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

the study of the disorder or breakdown of the human body’s function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Do immune dieseases affect men or women more?

A

Women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Etiology

A

cause or reason for the event
May include agents, age, gender, health, nutritional status, genetics, etc.
Idiopathic: unknown
Iatrogenic: unintended effect of a medical treatment
May be intrinsic or extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Pathogenesis

A

development and evolution of a disease
Affected by time, quantity, location, and morphologic changes
Clinical manifestations
Includes S/S of the disease, stages of the disease, acute vs. chronic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epidemiology

A

patterns of diseases in a group of people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the levels of prevention of disease?

A

Primary: do not have the disease and you are trying to prevent it (e.g., vaccines)
Secondary: disease detection (e.g., Pap smears and yearly physicals)
Tertiary: trying to prevent problems from the disease or problem (e.g., rehabilitation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microflora

A

the multitude of microorganisms that live on/in the human body in natural balance and do not cause infections. Some are beneficial some have no effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Infectious Disease

A

invasion of microorganisms when only the infecting organism benefits from living in the host and causes sustained injury/illness to the host.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Virulence

A

the disease producing potential of the invading microorganism. How bad is the bug?
local/systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Pathogens

A

a groups of microorganisms with high virulence that are not found in the human body without causing disease.
ex. MRSA, Hep B, C Diff

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can cause opportunistic pathogens to cause infection?

A

Anything that suppresses the immune system (ex. malnutrition, HIV infection, fatigue, chemotherapy antibiotic treatment, pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Incidence

A

The probability of being diagnosed with a disease at any given time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What influences transmission of diseases among humans?

A

contact either airborne or touch through droplets, inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Virulence Factors

A

impact how common it will be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the portals of entry?

A

Penetration, Direct Contact, Ingestion, and Inhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are cellular attributes?

A

Ability to exchange material with their environment
Ability to obtain energy from organic nutrients (electrolytes, pathogens)
Ability to manufacture complex molecules (protein building, wound healing)
Ability to replicate themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 major components of eukaryotic cells?

A

Nucleus, Cytoplasm, & Cell Membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Why is the nucleus important?

A 
important for chromosomal disorders
Contains chromatin and nucleolus
At least one per cell
Control center
Genetic code
Nucleoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Why is the cytoplasm important?

A

exchange of materials
Place for cell work
Contains water, electrolytes, suspended protein, neutral fats, and glycogen
Contains the organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

3 things about ribosomes

A

Site for protein synthesis
Small particles of nucleoproteins
May be attached to ER or free

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

3 things about Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Matrix of paired membranes and vesicles
Tubular communication system
Place where metabolic activity occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the 2 forms of ER?

A

rough and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Rough ER do?

A

produce proteins for membranes and lysosomal enzymes

breakdown of proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does Smooth ER do?

A

lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid synthesis; regulation of intracellular Ca, metabolism, and detoxification of hormones and drugs
contraction of muscle bc CA
kidneys and liver detoxied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Golgi apparatus
- site for carb production | - cells in pancreas produce insulin and glycoproteins
26
Lysosomes
Break down cell products and foreign bodies to be used again (recycle) - they require acidic environment
27
Peroxisomes
- control free radicals | - unstable 02 compounds which can cause damage
28
Mitochondria
Power plants Aerobic metabolism—ATP Number in a given cell varies depending on the cell’s energy needs Contains own DNA and ribosomes
29
Ischemia
inadequate o2 (hypoxia)
30
cellmembrane
``` Semipermeable Contains receptors Involved in electrical conduction Regulates cell growth and proliferation Lipid bilayer Proteins ```
31
Pinocytosis
Cell drinking
32
phagocytosis
cell eating
33
when do pinocytosis and phagocytosis occur?
with blood cell diseases
34
Where is Na and K primarily?
Na- out | K- in
35
what is cell proliferation?
when cells divide and reproduce (mitosis and meiosis)
36
What happens in mitosis and what are the 4 stages?
the cells are replaced 1. prophase 2. metaphas 3. anaphase 4. telophase
37
What happens in meosis?
New sperm and ova join
38
What do meiosis and mitosis help with?
skin and would repair
39
What is cell differentiation?
Proliferated cells become different and specialized Begins after fertilization Generalized to specific
40
Why do cells change shape?
they change due to stress, environment, viral, hormonal
41
What is atrophy?
a deacrease in workload that causes a decrease in size of organelles that causes a decrease in engergy that causes a decrease in function
42
What is hypertrophy?
increase in workload --> increase in size and number of organelles --> increase in contractility --> decrease in function
43
Hyperplasia
increase workload --> increase in size and number --> increase in function
44
Metaplasia
is pathological and normal cells become abnormal cells through replacement (eg. cancer)
45
Dysplasia
is pathological and normal beccome abnormal through mutation (eg. inflammation or virus)
46
how do most diseases start?
with cell injury
47
How does cell injury occur?
low 02
48
can cell injury be reversible?
to a point through compensation and cell renewal
49
What is apoptosis?
"programmed suicide" - RBC lifespan 120 days (this is normal)
50
What are causes of cell injury?
``` Physical agents -Mechanical forces -Extreme temperature -Electrical Radiation -Ionizing -Ultraviolet -Non-ionizing Chemical -Poisonings -Drugs Biological agents -Nutritional imbalances ```
51
What are the mechanisms of injury to cells?
ischemia (lack of 02) necrosis (damage) free radicals
52
What is neoplasia?
New growth (a tumor)
53
What is carcinogenesis?
The development of cancer
54
What are the steps in carcinogenesis?
1. Initiation: introduction of the agent 2. Promotion: Initiation of uncontrolled growth 3. Progression: permanent malignant changes
55
What are oncogenes?
Mutations, active cell divison
56
What are carcinogens?
cigs, chemicals, gasoline, sunlight
57
What is benign?
Slow, progressive, localized, well defined, resembles host (more differentiated), grows by expansion, does not usually cause death
58
What is malignant?
Rapid growing, spreads (metastasis) quickly, fatal, highly undifferentiated
59
What does the capsule of a cell do?
Keep the cells together and preventing growth
60
What happens when there is no capsule to a cell?
nothing is holding the cells together and invading/spreading begins -this occurs through blood and lymph
61
What is the acronoym for clinical manifestations of cancer?
``` C: change in bowel or bladder A: sore that doesn't heal U: unusual bleeding & discharge T: Thickening of lump I: Indigestion of difficulty swallowing O: Obvious change N: Nagging cough ```
62
What are the complications of cancer development?
Anemia (low Rbcs), Cachexia (emaciated), Fatigue (low RBC, malnutrition), Infection (decrease immune system), Leukopenia (decrease in WBC), Thrombocytopenia (low platelets), Pain
63
What is angiogenesis?
Spread to other organs--- increase in stage
64
What are the three goals of treatment for cancer?
1. Curative 2. Pallative 3. Prophylactic
65
What is curative care?
curing the cancer
66
What is pallative care?
treat for comfort
67
What is prophylatic?
preventing benign growth from removal
68
how many pairs of chromosomes are there?
23 pairs
69
What is a single gene disorder?
changes in the DNA affect a single protein product (enzyme, receptor protein…) that causes the disorder. (sickle cell)
70
What is a multiple gene disorder?
Rearrangement of chromosomes or abnormal numbers of chromosomes affecting many genes resulting in abnormal development. (autism)
71
What are alleles?
are copies of a gene
72
Facts about autosomal dominant disorders
Transmitted from an affected parent to offspring regardless of gender 50% chance of transmission Unaffected do not pass on the disorder Delayed onset Examples: Marfan syndrome and neurofibromatosis
73
Marfan Syndrome
-Disorder of connective tissue -Mutation on chromosome 15 -Mutation combines with other fibrillins and gives rise to microfibrils -Roles of microfibrils: strength, growth factor release, tissue repair -Mutation leads to reduced elasticity and excess growth factor release -Affects eyes, skeleton, and cardiovascular system -Diagnosis -History, physical examination, skin biopsy (presence of fibrillin), genetic testing -Treatment -None, palliative
74
Neurofibromatosis
-Neurogenic tumors -Two forms -Type 1: defect on chromosome 17; subcutaneous lesions, café-au- lait spots (at least 6 at birth), freckles, scoliosis, erosive bone defects, and nervous system tumors -Type 2: defect on chromosome 22; tumors of the acoustic nerve -Treatment -Palliative removal of tumors
75
facts about autosomal recessive disorders
``` Rare Both members of gene pair are affected Affects both genders One out of four will be affected Two out of four will be carriers Onset early Usually caused by a deficient enzyme Examples: PKU and Tay-Sachs ```
76
What is PKU?
-Mutation on chromosome 12 leads to an error in converting phenylalanine to tyrosine -Appears normal at birth then fails to meet milestones -Progressive neurological decline -If untreated, can lead to severe intellectual disability -Diagnosis -Serum phenylalanine at 3 days old -Prenatal screening: amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling -Treatment -Avoid high protein foods -Limited amounts of starches -Phenylalanine- lowering agents -Gene and enzyme therapy
77
What is Tay-Sachs?
-Progressive disorder due to mutation of hexosaminidase A -Necessary to metabolize certain lipids -Lipids accumulate, destroying and demyelinating nerve cells -Nerve cell destruction leads to a progressive mental and motor deterioration -Most are of Jewish decent -Three forms: infantile, juvenile, adult (rare) -Appears normal at birth, then the infant begins to miss milestones -Progresses to seizures, muscular rigidity, and blindness -Usually fatal by 5 years of age -Diagnosis: history, physical examination, and low serum and amniotic hexosaminidase A levels -No cure -Genetic counseling suggested
78
Facts about sex linked disorders
- Sex-linked disorders are almost always X linked. - Males have a 50% chance of getting the disorder from their mother. - Females have a 50% chance of being carriers. - All daughters of affected males will be carriers, but none of their sons. - Example: Fragile X syndrome
79
What is Fragile X Syndrome?
- Associated with a single trinucleotide gene (FMR1) sequence on the X chromosome, which is repeated > 200 times - Plays a role in synapse development - Manifestations: long face with large mandible, large ears, large testicles, delayed mental development, learning disabilities, speech delays, connective tissue disorders, behavioral issues, and autism spectrum disorder
80
What are multifactorial inheritance disorders?
-Result from an interaction between environmental and genetic factors -Less predictable Extremely common -May be expressed at birth or later -Examples: cleft lip/palate, clubfoot, congenital dislocation of hips, congenital heart defects, pyloric stenosis, urinary tract malformations, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cancer, and psychiatric disorders
81
What is cleft lip and palate?
-Improper formation of soft tissues of mouth and lips -Unilateral or bilateral deformities lead to feeding and nutritional issues -Maternal smoking, diabetes, and seizure medication use (first trimester) are important risk factors -Diagnosis: prenatal ultrasound -Treatment: surgery, speech therapy
82
Facts about chromosomal disorders
- May be related to abnormality in chromosomal number and/or structure that occurs in meiosis - Account for most early miscarriages - More than 60 syndromes - Most babies wont come to term
83
Aneuploidy
change in chromosome number
84
Monosomy
one chromosone
85
Polysomy
any more than 2 chromosomes
86
trisomy
3 chromosomes (eg. down sydrome)
87
Down syndrome
Change at chromosome 21 (3 of them)
88
Turner syndrome
Just one X at 45
89
Klinefelter Syndrome
XXY gives you 47 (1/500 births)

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions