Chapter 1 Flashcards
(48 cards)
Genome:
complete set of genetic instruction for any organism
Where are genomes found?
encoded in nucleus acids (DNA/RNA)
What is special about the coding system for genetic information in all organisms?
very similar
What are the 3 divisions of genetics?
- Transmission genetics
- Molecular genetics
- Population genetics
What is Transmission genetics?
principles of heredity
- relationship between chromosomes and heredity
- arrangement of genes and chromosomes
- gene mapping
What does Transmission genetics focus on?
individual organism - how an organism inherits its genetic makeup and passes its genes to the next generation
What is Molecular genetics?
gene and cellular processes by which genetic information is transferred and expressed.
What is the focus of Molecular genetics?
gene, its structure, organization and function
What is Population genetics?
genetic composition of groups of organisms and how that composition changes over time and geographic space. The study of evolution
What are model genetic organisms?
organisms that have useful characteristics for genetic analysis - a huge amount of the genetic info we know today has been pulled from these organisms.
6 most popular Model Genetic Organisms
4 other common ones?
- Drosophila melanogaster - fruit fly
- Escherichia Coli (E. Coli)
- Caenorhabditis elegans - roundworm
- Arabidopsis Thaliana - thale cress plant
- Mus musculus - house mouse
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - baker’s yeast
- Neurospora cassa - bread mold
- Zea mays - corn
- Danio rerio - zebrafish
- Xenopus Laevis - clawed frog
Why are Model Genetic Organisms perfect for genetic studies?
- short generation time
- large but manageable # of offspring
- adapt to lab envr
- cheap
How did the genetic analysis of the zebrafish help humans understand skin pigmentation? Takeaway?
Zebra fish have a mutation that produces golden scales. The golden mutation gene encodes a protein that takes part in Ca uptake by melanosomes. Humans have similar gene which encodes same function (SLC24A5). Light skinned people possess one form of SLC24A5, dark skinned people possess a different form of SLC24A5.
Takeaway: Model Genetic Organisms = really important in genetic research
1st domesticated plants? Animals?
Plants: wheat, peas, lentils, barley
Animals: dog, goats, sheep
Pangenesis concept:
early concept of heredity proposing that particles carry genetic information from different parts of the body to the reproductive organs where they are passed to the embryo. Incorrect
Pangenesis lead to the idea of _______________.
Inheritance of acquired traits
Inheritance of acquired traits:
traits acquired in a person’s lifetime become incorporated into that person’s hereditary information and are passed onto offspring. Incorrect
Who invented the pangenesis concept? When?
Greeks; 520 B.C.
Preformationism:
Inside either egg or sperm there is a fully formed miniature adult called a homunculus which simply enlarges during development. If homunculus was in sperm, all traits inherited from dad. If homunculus was in egg, all traits inherited from mom. Incorrect
homunculus:
mature miniature adult - part of preformationism belief
Blending inheritance (Ex)
offspring are a blend of parent traits; genes blend and mix. Once blended, genetic differences could not be separated in future generations. Ex: yellow paint + blue paint = green paint. Green paint can’t form back into yellow + blue.
Who invented the cell theory
Schleiden and Schwann
3 concepts of cell theory
- All life is composed of cells
- Cells only arise from preexisting cells
- Cells are the fundamental unit of structure and function of living organisms
Who invented the Germ-Plasma theory? When?
August Weismann ~ 1900
