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AS Physics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What does an atom consist of?

A

Central positively charged nucleus containing protons and neutrons (nucleons)

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2
Q

What is the diameter of an atom? (Atomic diameter)

A

10^-10m

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3
Q

What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?

A

Electrons

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the nucleus of an atom?

A

10^-15m or 1 femtometer

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5
Q

What is the charge and relative charge of a proton?

A

1.6 x10^-19, +1

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6
Q

What is the charge and relative charge of a neutron?

A

0, 0

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7
Q

What is the charge and relative charge of a electron?

A

-1.6 x10^-19, -1

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8
Q

What is the symbol for proton/atomic number?

A

Z

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9
Q

What is the proton number equal to?

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

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10
Q

What is the symbol for mass/nucleon number?

A

A

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11
Q

What is the mass number equal to?

A

Number of protons + number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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12
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms with the same amount of protons and different numbers of neutrons

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13
Q

If 2 different atoms have the same proton number, they are of…?

A

The same element

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14
Q

Are all isotopes radioactive?

A

No

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15
Q

What are radioactive isotopes called?

A

Radioisotopes

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16
Q

What is the equation of specific charge?

A

charge of particle / mass of particle

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17
Q

Which out of protons, neutrons and electrons have the largest specific charge?

A

Electrons

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18
Q

Define the strong nuclear force

A

Stable isotopes have nuclei that don’t disintegrate. There must be a force holding them together

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19
Q

What does the strong nuclear force overcome in the nucleus?

A

Electrostatic force of repulsion between protons in the nucleus

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20
Q

What does the strong nuclear force do?

A

Keep protons and neutrons together

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21
Q

What is the range of the strong nuclear force?

A

3-4 femtometers (diameter of nucleus)

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22
Q

What is the range of electrostatic force? And when does the range start to decrease?

A

Infinite. Starts to decrease when the range between 2 charged particles increases

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23
Q

What distance does the strong nuclear force start to act as a repulsive force?

A

When distance is less than 0.5 femtometer

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24
Q

Why does the strong nuclear force turn into a repulsive force at very small distances?

A

To prevent protons and neutrons being pushed into each other. This prevents the nucleus collapsing intoa point

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25
Q

When is electromagnetic radiation emitted?

A

When charged particles lose energy

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26
Q

Give 2 examples when electromagnetic radiation would be emitted

A
  1. Electrons decreasing in energy inside an atom (light)

2. Electrons losing energy when stopped by a solid material (X-rays)

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27
Q

Name the electromagnetic spectrum in order of decreasing wavelengths/increasing frequency

A

Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, ultra violet, x-ray, gamma ray

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28
Q

What is the wavelength of a radio wave?

A

Greater than 0.1m

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29
Q

What is the wavelength of an microwave?

A

0.1mm-1mm

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30
Q

What is the wavelength of an infrared wave?

A

1mm to 700nm

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31
Q

What is the wavelength of visible light?

A

700nm to 400nm

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32
Q

What is the wavelength of an ultraviolet wave

A

400nm to 1nm

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33
Q

What is the wavelength of an x-ray?

A

less than 1nm

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34
Q

What is the wavelength of a gamma ray?

A

less than 1nm

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35
Q

Do all forms of radiation travel at the same speed through a vacuum?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What speed to all forms of radiation travel at in a vacuum?

A

3 x10^8m/s

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37
Q

What is a photon?

A

A packet of wave energy

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38
Q

How is EM radiation emitted?

A

As a short burst of waves in all directions

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39
Q

What does a photon contain?

A

A set amount of energy

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40
Q

Define antimatter

A

All particles of normal matter have a corresponding particle that:

  1. Has the same mass as the normal particle
  2. Has opposite charge (if normal particle is charged)
  3. Will undergo annihilation with normal particle if they meet
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41
Q

What is the antiparticle for a proton and what is it?

A

Anti proton - negatively charged proton

42
Q

What is the antiparticle for a electron and what is it?

A

Positron - positively charged electron

43
Q

Define annihilation

A

When particles and anti particles meet and their mass is converted into pure energy

44
Q

Define the process of annihilation (what happens)?

A

A particle and anti particle meet, and all of their mass and KE turn into 2 photons of equal frequency that move off in opposite directions

45
Q

How is pair production different to annihilation?

A

Annihilation - matter -> energy

Pair production - energy -> matter

46
Q

Define the process of pair production (what happens)?

A

The energy of 1 photon can be used to create a particle and its corresponding antiparticle

47
Q

How do photons conserve momentum?

A

By interacting with another particle

48
Q

How many joules is 1 electron volt?

A

1eV = 1.5 x10^-19 J

49
Q

How many joules is 1 mega electron volt?

A

1MeV = 1.5 x10^-13 J

50
Q

How many electron volts is 1 joule?

A

1J = 1 / (1.6x10^-19) eV

51
Q

What is an electron volt equal to?

A

The KE gained by an electron when accelerated by a p.d of 1V

52
Q

What is the unit of sub atomic particles most commonly quoted as?

A

MeV

53
Q

In pair production, what is always conserved?

A

Energy, momentum, charge, lepton number, baryon number, strangeness

54
Q

What are virtual particles?

A

Virtual particles are exchanged when forces are experienced between particles

55
Q

Where does the virtual particle travel?

A

Between real particles affecting their motion

56
Q

What are exchange particles called which are transferred between fundamental particles

A

Gauge bosons

57
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with the repulsion of 2 electrons?

A

2 electrons travel, then exchange a photon, and then 2 electrons travel off

58
Q

State the equation for beta - decay

A

A A 0 _
X -> Y + B + Ve
Z Z + 1 -1

59
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with Beta - decay

A

Neutron travels, exchanges a W - boson, turns into a proton, B- particle and anti electron neutrino

60
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with the interaction of a neutron and anti neutrino

A

Neutron and neutrino travel, exchange a W - boson, turns into a proton and B- particle

61
Q

What are neutrinos affected by?

A

Weak nuclear force

62
Q

What forces don’t neutrinos feel?

A

Strong and electrostatic

63
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with beta plus

A

Proton travels, exchanges a W+ boson, turns into neutron, positron and neutrino

64
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with the interaction of a proton and anti-neutrino

A

Proton and neutrino travel, exchange W+ boson, turn into neutron and positron

65
Q

Describe what happens in a feynman diagram with electron capture

A

Proton and electron travel, exchange W+ boson, turn into a neutron and neutrino

66
Q

Describe what happens in electron capture

A

One of excess protons interacts with one of the inner shell electrons to form a neutron producing a neutrino

67
Q

What are the 2 categories of matter and anti matter?

A

Hadrons and leptons

68
Q

What are 2 sub-categories of hadrons?

A

Baryons and mesons

69
Q

What are hadrons?

A

Particles that interact through strong interaction

70
Q

What are leptons?

A

Particles that interact through weak interaction

71
Q

What are baryons?

A

Hadrons that are protons that eventually decay into protons e.g protons, neutrons

72
Q

What is a meson?

A

Hadrons that don’t include protons in decay product. All mesons are unstable e.g Pions, kaons

73
Q

Are protons leptons or hadrons (if hadrons, which type)?

A

Hadrons, and a baryon

74
Q

Are neutrons leptons or hadrons (if hadrons, which type)?

A

Hadrons, and a baryon

75
Q

Are electrons leptons or hadrons (if hadrons, which type)?

A

Leptons

76
Q

Can pions/ π mesons be charged?

A

Yes, positively π+, negatively π- and no charge π^0

77
Q

What are the rest masses of pions?

A

Between muon and proton. About 300x electron

78
Q

Are pions unstable, and which decay do they interact with?

A

Very unstable, interact through weak interaction

79
Q

What does π+ decay into?

A

Anti muon and neutrino

80
Q

What does π- decay into?

A

muon and anti-neutrino

81
Q

What does π^0 decay into?

A

2 high energy photons

82
Q

Are pions leptons or hadrons (if hadrons, which type)?

A

Hadrons, mesons

83
Q

Can kaons/ K mesons be charged?

A

Yes, positively K+, negatively K- and no charge K^0

84
Q

What are the rest masses of kaons?

A

Greater than pions, but less than a proton

85
Q

Are kaons unstable, and which decay do they interact with?

A

They are unstable, and interact through weak interaction far more slowly than pions

86
Q

Why are kaons called strange particles?

A

Due to slow rate of decay 10^-10s - unexpected

87
Q

What do kaons decay into?

A

Pions, muons and neutrinos

88
Q

What are fundamental particles and give an example

A

Particles that do not decay into any other particles except leptons. e.g leptons

89
Q

What are the 3 families of leptons?

A

1 - Electrons, electron neutrinos
2 - Muon and muon neutrinos
3 - Tau and tau neutrinos

90
Q

what is the charge of muons? (μ-)

A

Negative

91
Q

How big in size are muons in relation to electrons?

A

200x more massive

92
Q

What is the antiparticle of muons and give the charge

A

Antimuons (μ+) Positively charged

93
Q

What do muons decay into through which type of interaction?

A

Decay via weak interaction into electrons and anti neutrinos

94
Q

What do antimuons decay into?

A

Positrons and neutrinos

95
Q

What must all interactions conserve?

A

Energy, charge, lepton number + type, baryon number and strangeness (strong interaction only)

96
Q

What are sigma particles?

A

Baryons with a strangeness of -1

97
Q

What is strangeness?

A

Property of some hadrons due to slow interactions with others

98
Q

Strangeness of K- meson?

A

-1

99
Q

Strangeness of K+ meson?

A

+1

100
Q

Strangeness of K^0 meson?

A

-1

AS Physics (12 decks)

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