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Human Form Human Function > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Convalescence

A

To recover one’s health and strength over a period of time after an illness or operation

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

AKA Macroscopic Anatomy

A

Can be observed by the naked eye

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Cannot be observed by the naked eye

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4
Q

Cadaver

A

Corpse

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5
Q

4 Characteristics of Organisms

A
  1. Organization
  2. Metabolism
  3. Adaptation
  4. Reproduction
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6
Q

Skin protects us from

A 
Bacteria
Heat
Cold
Fluid Loss
Fluid Gain
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7
Q

Why don’t swimmers gain much fluid?

A

Because fluid only accumulates in their skin cells.

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8
Q

What are the basic units/building blocks of life?

A

Cells

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9
Q

Anabolism

A

Making complex substances out of simple ones

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10
Q

Catabolism

A

Breaking complex substances into simpler ones

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11
Q

Why does our skin tan?

A

To protect itself from harmful ultraviolet rays.

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12
Q

Grave robbing was committed by anatomists until laws were passed making it legal for them to _____.

A

Dissect criminals, unclaimed bodies, or anyone who wanted their remains donated to science

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13
Q

Only humans have a ___.

A

Fully opposable thumb

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14
Q

In the monkey hand the thumb folds ___.

A

Downwards parallel to the fingers instead of perpendicular to the fingers like in humans

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15
Q

7 Levels of Organization

A 
Organism
Systems
Organs
Tissues
Cells
Molecules
Atoms
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16
Q

What are the building blocks of everything?

A

Atoms

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17
Q

5 Essentials of Environment

A 
Pressure
Oxygen
Heat
Water
Nutrients
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18
Q

Static Pressure

A

The weight of a gas or fluid pressing down on a point within

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19
Q

Dynamic Pressure

A

The force created by moving gas or fluid

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20
Q

Atmospheric Pressure

A

Static pressure that represents the total weight of the air in the atmosphere above us which constantly presses on our bodies

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21
Q

Atmospheric pressure gets ___ the higher you climb because there is less air above you.

A

Lower

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22
Q

What is the function of atmospheric pressure in our bodies?

A

To keep the gases within our bodies dissolved in body fluids for transport to our tissues

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23
Q

What would happen if atmospheric pressure too low?

A

The gas molecules dissolved and our body fluid would form bubbles which could explode cells or obstruct blood vessels.

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24
Q

Getting hit by a wave is an example of

A

Dynamic Pressure

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25
Walking against a strong wind is an example of
Dynamic Pressure
26
Blood pressure is an example of
Fluid Pressure
27
What is the function of blood pressure?
To transport nutrients and help them move into cells and tissues.
28
What is the oxygen content of the air we breathe?
21%
29
Oxygen is absorbed by
Blood passing through the lungs
30
____ unlocks energy found in food. Without it ourselves with starve to death.
Oxygen
31
Lack of oxygen can cause
Dizziness, unconsciousness, and even death.
32
Heat is generated by
Metabolism
33
6 Reasons We Can’t Live Without Water
1. Chemicals of life are dissolved in it 2. Molecular reactions of life take place and it 3. It’s moose the movements of various body parts 4. It carries nutrients to cells 5. It carries wastes away 6. It transports messenger and regulatory molecules that govern cell life
34
Gradient
The difference in the quantity or concentration of a physical value between two areas
35
Life has gradients, death does not. What is an example of this?
There is a temperature gradient between a living person and the environment, but a dead body assumes the temperature of the environment.
36
Spermatozoa
Male sperm cells
37
What guides the sperm to the egg?
Heat and chemical gradients (Progesterone is thought to be one of these chemicals)
38
Sperm swim ___ gradients.
Up
39
About how many cells are in the body?
100 trillion
40
Homeostasis
The bodies automatic tendency to maintain the normal state and requires the effort of every organ, tissue, and cell
41
Set Point
The value at which a condition must be maintained for optimal health
42
Negative Feedback
A process that reflexively keeps systems tightly regulated near there set points and promotes stability
43
Illness is
Failed homeostasis.
44
Severe homeostatic dysfunction leads to
Death
45
Form of the Skin
Hair Skin and Associated Glands Nails
46
Functions of the Skin
Protects against the environment Senses the environment Helps synthesize Vitamin D Cools the body by sweating
47
Form of the Skeletal System
Bone Cartilage Joints
48
Function of the Skeletal System
``` Provides shape and support for the body Anchors muscles Protects vital organs Stores minerals like calcium Synthesizes blood cells Joins permit movement between bones ```
49
Form of the Muscular System
Skeletal Muscle | Tendons
50
Function of the Muscular System
``` Moves bones Moves facial skin, creating expressions Enables speech Maintains posture Generates heat Assists breathing Tendons connect muscle to bone ```
51
Form of the Nervous System
``` Brain Eyes Ears Nose Tongue Spinal Cord Skin receptors Nerves ```
52
Function of the Nervous System
Provides and interprets information about the internal and external environment Induced muscle contractions Regulates autonomic functions like heartbeat Responsible for thought, learning, and memory
53
Form of the Cardiovascular System
``` Blood Heart Capillaries Veins Arteries ```
54
Function of the Cardiovascular System
Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells Transports hormones Blood Cells fight infections Clotting components in blood prevent excessive blood loss
55
Form of the Respiratory System
``` Sinuses Nose Pharynx, larynx Trachea Bronchus Lungs ```
56
Function of the Respiratory System
``` Warms, moistens, and filters inhaled air Channels air to lungs Extracts oxygen from inhaled air Discharged carbon dioxide in exhaled air Helps regulate acid-base balance Helps produce sounds ```
57
Form of the Lymphatic/Immune System
``` Tonsils Thymus Lymph Nodes Spleen Lymph Vessels White Blood Cells ```
58
Function of the Lymphatic/Immune System
Defends against infection and cancer Filters and returns fluid from extra cellular spaces to blood Transports digested fats to the bloodstream
59
Form of the Digestive System
``` Mouth Salivary Glands Esophagus Liver and Gallbladder Pancreas Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus ```
60
Function of the Digestive System
Secretes Digestive enzymes that break down nutrients Secretes mucus to protect digestive tract cells and lubricate food Moves food and water through the digestive tract Absorbs nutrients Eliminates solid waste
61
Form of the Endocrine System
``` Hypothalamus Pituitary Gland Thyroid Adrenal Glands Pancreas Gonads ```
62
Function of the Endocrine System
Produces hormones which regulate - growth - metabolism - water balance - behavior - reproduction - cell division
63
Form of the Urinary System
Kiddies Ureters Urinary Bladder Urethra
64
Function of the Urinary System
Excretes waste Adjusts water and electrolyte balance by altering urine volume Regulates acid-base balance and salt levels Secretes some hormones
65
Form of the Reproductive System
``` Ductus Deferens Seminal Vesicles Prostate Testes Penis Breasts Fallopian Tubes Ovaries Uterus Vagina Vulva ```
66
Copulation
Sexual Intercourse
67
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor. The sensor signals the integrating center. The integrating center stimulates the effector. The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
68
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
69
Hemorrhage causes and increase in ___ because the body is trying to compensate for low oxygen levels.
Respirations
70
How is hemorrhage treated in a hospital?
1. Oxygen is administered 2. Fluids are given via IV 3. A blood transfusion is done if necessary
71
How does positive feedback work?
It pushes the detected change ever more strongly in the same direction until the process is completed.
72
Positive feedback is used in very few situations. Name one.
Childbirth
73
What is the difference between positive and negative feedback?
Negative feedback opposes change. Positive feedback enhances change.
74
How does positive feedback work in childbirth?
The baby’s head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which causes the cervix to stretch even more, which causes the uterus to contract even more ... until the baby is born.
75
Standard Anatomically Position
``` Standing erect Head upright Facing forward Arms at sides Hands rotated with thumbs outside, palms forward Toes forward feet parallel ```
76
Anterior
Toward the front
77
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor. The sensor signals the integrating center. The integrating center stimulates the effector. The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
78
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
79
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor. The sensor signals the integrating center. The integrating center stimulates the effector. The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
80
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
81
Describe a negative feedback loop.
The condition activates the sensor. The sensor signals the integrating center. The integrating center stimulates the effector. The effector corrects the condition, which results in homeostasis.
82
During a hemorrhage BP drops. How does the body compensate for this drop in BP?
The heart starts pumping faster and peripheral blood vessels constrict, making the skin look pale.
83
Positive feedback
Accelerated processes to an end point
84
Negative feedback ___ change. Positive feedback ___ change.
Opposes | Enhances
85
Positive feedback does not stabilize, it ___.
Reaches an end point
86
Describe the positive feedback cycle of birth.
The babies head stretches the cervix, which signals the uterus to contract, which stretches the cervix more, which signals the uterus to contract more... until the baby is born.
87
Standard anatomic position
``` Standing Facing forward Arms at sides Palms forward Feet parallel ```
88
Anterior
Toward the front
89
Posterior
Toward the back
90
Superior
Above
91
Inferior
Below
92
Proximal
Nearer the point of attachment
93
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment
94
Medial
Toward the vertical midline
95
Lateral
Away from the verticals midline
96
Superficial
Toward the outside of the body
97
Deep
Toward the inside of the body
98
Planes
Imaginary flat surfaces
99
Sections
2D shapes revealed by planes
100
Frontal/Coronal plane
The vertical plane that divides the body into posterior and anterior sections
101
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections
102
Midsagittal Plane
The sagittal plane right down the middle of the body
103
Transverse Plane
The horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sections
104
Surface Anatomy
Features visible on an intact, unclothed body
105
Lost the 5 regions of the body.
``` Head Neck Trunk Upper Limb Lower Limb ```
106
The trunk consists of
The chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
107
The upper Limb consists of
The shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
108
The lower Limb consists of
The but, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot.
109
Head
Cephalon
110
Eye
Orbital or ocular
111
Cheek
Buccal
112
Ear
Otic
113
Nose
Nasal
114
Mouth
Oral
115
Chin
Mental
116
Neck
Cervical
117
Chest
Thoracic
118
Breast
Mammary
119
Abdomen
Abdominal
120
Navel
Umbilical
121
Pelvis
Pelvic
122
Loin
Lumbar
123
Groin
Inguinal
124
Pubic
Pubic
125
Armpit
Axillary
126
Arm
Brachial
127
Front of elbow
Antecubital
128
Forearm
Antebrachial
129
Back of elbow
Olecranal
130
Wrist
Carpal
131
Hand
Manual
132
Butt
Gluteal
133
Thigh
Femoral
134
Back of knee
Popliteal
135
Kneecap
Patellar
136
Leg
Crural
137
Calf
Sural
138
Anckle
Tarsal
139
Foot
Pedal
140
Heel
Calcaneal
141
Sole of foot
Plantar
142
Toes
Digital or phalangeal
143
Sternum
Sternal
144
Hip
Coxal
145
Back of the head
Occipital
146
Point of the shoulder
Acromial
147
Shoulder blade
Scapular
148
Tail bone
Sacral
149
What are the two dorsal cavities?
The cranial cavity And The spinal cavity
150
The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity are formed of ___ and are lined with ___.
Bone (Skull and spinal column) | Membranes
151
The meninges
The continuous membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
152
Ventral Cavity
The anterior body cavity composed of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity
153
The ventral cavity is divided by the
Diaphragm
154
Thoracic Cavity
The chest cavity above the diaphragm that contains the heart, lungs, and large vessels
155
Abdominopelvic Cavity
The cavity below the diaphragm that is divided into the abdominal and pelvic cavities by an imaginary line that runs along the top of the pelvis
156
The abdominal cavity contains
The stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and most of the intestines
157
The pelvic cavity contains
Part of the large intestine as well as the reproductive organs
158
Pericardium
The membrane covering the heart
159
Pleurae
The membranes covering the lungs
160
Peritoneum
The membrane covering many abdominopelvic organs
161
The visceral layer of the membrane attaches to
The organs
162
The parietal layer of the membrane attaches to
The cavity wall
163
How do the thoracic and abdominal membranes form in the developing fetus?
Like a fist pushing into a balloon
164
Visceral pericardium
The inner layer of the membrane surrounding the heart
165
Parietal pericardium
The outer layer of the membrane surrounding the heart
166
Pericardial Cavity
The space inside the membrane of the heart
167
In Latin, Viscus means
Organ
168
In Latin, Parietalis means
Wall
169
Mediastinum
A space between the pleural cavities and above the diaphragm that contains the heart, pericardial sac, the great arteries and veins near the heart, fat, lymph nodes, nerves, and the large bronchi
170
Large bronchi
Hollow tubes that carry air to and from the lungs
171
The peritoneum membrane covers
The liver, spleen, intestines, and the ovaries, uterine tubes, and fundus

Human Form Human Function (1 decks)

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