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Sociology 101 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Society

A

People who share a culture and territory

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2
Q

Social Location

A

The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

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3
Q

Positivism

A

The application of the scientific approach to the social world

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4
Q

Sociology

A

The scientific study of society and human behavior

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5
Q

Social Darwinism

A

Societies evolve over time as the fittest people adapt to their environment

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6
Q

Class conflict

A

Marx’s term for the struggle between capitalists and workers

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7
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

Those who own the means of production

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8
Q

Proletariat

A

The exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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9
Q

Social Integration

A

The degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; also known as social cohesion

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10
Q

Patterns of Behavior

A

Recurring behaviors or events

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11
Q

Basic (or pure) sociology

A

sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not making changes in those group

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12
Q

Applied Sociology

A

The use of sociology to solve problems- from the micro-level of classroom interaction and family relationships to the macro-level of crime and pollution

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13
Q

Theory

A

A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

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14
Q

Symbolic in Teractionism

A

A theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning develop their views of the worlds and communicate with one another

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15
Q

Functional Analysis

A

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that when fulfilled, contributes to society’s equilibruim; also known as functionalism and structural functionlism

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16
Q

Conflict Theory

A

A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are completing for scarce resources

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17
Q

Macro-Level

A

An examination of large-scale patterns of society; such as how wall street and political establishment are interrelated

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18
Q

Micro-Level

A

An examination of small-scale patterns of society; such as how the members of a group interact

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19
Q

Social interactions

A

What people do when they are in one another’s presence; includes communication at a distance

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20
Q

Nonverbal interactions

A

communications without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on

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21
Q

Manifest dysfunction

A

An action is intended to help some part of a system

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22
Q

Latent Function

A

Can have unintended consequences that help a system adjust

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23
Q

Latent Dysfunction

A

Human action can also hurt a system; consequences usually are unintended

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24
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

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25
Variable
A factor thought to be significant for human behavior, which can vary (or change) from one case to another
26
Operational definitions
The way in which a researcher measures a variable
27
Research methods
One of the seven procedures that sociologist use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, document, experiments, and unobtrusive measures
28
Validity
The extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure
29
Reliability
The extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
30
Survey
The collection of data by having people answer a series of question
31
Population
A target group to be studied
32
Sample
The individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
33
Random sample
A sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
34
Stratified random sample
A sample from selected subgroup of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of
35
Respondent
People who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaries
36
Closed-ended questions
Questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
37
Open-ended questions
Questions that respondents answer in their own words
38
Rapport
A feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studing
39
Fieldwork (Participant observation)
Research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
40
Case Study
An intensive analysis of a single event, situation or individual
41
Secondary analysis
The analysis of data that have been collected by other researches
42
Documents
In its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense archival material of an sort including photographs, movies, CDs, DVDs, and so on
43
Experimental groups
The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable
44
Control group
The subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
45
Independent variable
A factor that causes a change in another variable called the dependent variable
46
Dependent variable
A factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
47
Unobtrusive measure
Way of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
48
Generalization
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
49
Control group
The subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
50
Population
A target group to be studied
51
Society
people who shared a culture and a territory
52
Public sociology
applying sociology for the public good; especially the use of the sociological perspective (how things related to on another) to guide politicians and policy makers
53
Functional analysis
a theroretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism
54
Independent variable
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
55
Reliability
the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
56
positivism
the application of the scientific approach to the social world
57
Proletariat
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
58
Survey
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
59
Respondents
people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires
60
Symbolic interactionism
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
61
Hypothesis
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
62
random sample
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
63
Globalization
The growing interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
64
Globalization of Capitalism
Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globes dominant economic system
65
What did C. Wright Mills mean when he used the word biography as applied to sociology?
An individual's experiences within a specific historical settting
66
What is an advantage of using a self-administered questionnaire?
A researcher can reach a large number of people at a low cost
67
Kisha is studying how growing up as an African American girl in the suburbs influences a person's behavior. She is looking at _______ to help understand the behavior of this group of people.
Social location
68
Lynda is reading interviews and analyzing data collected for other studies. What research method is she using?
Secondary analysis
69
____ is the degree to which people are tied to their social group.
Social intergration
70
Why did those who believed in social Darwinism think it was wrong to help the poor?
It helped the less capable survive.
71
Karl Marx believed _____ was behind social change.
Economics
72
Why did Diana Scully and Joseph Marolla each interview half the participants in a research study using convicted rapists?
They wanted to avoid interview bias based on gender
73
What did Laud Humphreys do that was considered unethical in his study of men who engage in sexual acts in public restrooms?
He disguised himself and pretended to be conducting a medical survey.
74
Which part of Laud Humphreys's research was participant observation?
Acting as a "watch queen" while observing the men.
75
Counting liquor bottles found in trashcans to determine a community's level of alcohol consumption is an example of using _____ as a research method.
unobtrusive measure
76
Which of the following sociologists is best remembered for battling against racism?
W.E.D Du Bois
77
What is the goal of applied sociology?
Implementing solutions
78
The difference between a manifest function and a latent function is a manifest function has an ___ beneficial consequence and a latent function has an ____ consequence.
Intended; Unintended beneficial
79
Improving society was the most important facet of sociological research in the ____ phase of sociology.
First
80
In lecture, the intended or recognized function was called the:
Manifest function
81
According to lecture a quasi-experiment is an experiment conducted in the real world. one of the problems with this method is:
That you can not control all the variables in the real world
82
According to lecture, a method of analysis where you collect and use data from your own research is called:
Primary analysis
83
Reliability refers to
The extend to which research produces consistent or dependable result
84
A(n) ______, everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study.
Random sample
85
According to text and lecture, ethical issues are sometimes hard to determine. According to lecture there are times where it is okay for the research to:
?
86
According to lecture, in Conflict Theory, constant conflict produces constant:
?
87
In lecture, the bourgeoisie are called the:
Have's
88
According to lecture, non-participant observation is used more frequently that participant observation because of:
you don't have to fit into the group, For example a female could study a male group
89
Auguste Comte is credited as being the founder of
Sociology
90
Who was the founder of conflict theory?
Karl Marx
91
The sociological imagination was developed by:
C. Wright Mills
92
The Origin of sociology has its roots in ______ and ______.
science and the industrial revolution
93
In both lecture and the text, participant observation is also called:
Field work
94
______ are used to study people who are unaware that they are being studied
Unobtrusive measures
95
Early sociologist and social reformer Jane Addams
won the Nobel Prize for Peace
96
Using _____, Comte applied the scientific method to the social world.
Positivism
97
The _____ examined by sociologists are recurring characteristics or events
pattern of behavior
98
According to lecture, the true bell curve is:
A statistical equation, based on central tendencies, which some professors can use for determining class grades

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

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