Chapter 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even materials objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next.

Question 2

Material culture

Answer 2

The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their building, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry.

Question 3

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 3

A groups ways of thinking (including its belief, values, and other assumptions about the world) and doing (its common patterns of behavior, including language and other forms of interaction) also called symbolic culture.

Question 4

Culture shock

Answer 4

The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on the taken- for - granted assumptions about life

Question 5

Ethnocentrism

Answer 5

The use of one’s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors

Question 6

Culture relativism

Answer 6

Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms

Question 7

Symbolic culture

Answer 7

Another term for nonmaterial Culture

Question 8

Symbol

Answer 8

Something to which people attach meaning and then use to communicate with one another

Question 9

Gestures

Answer 9

The way in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another.

Question 10

Language

Answer 10

A system of symbols that can be combined in a infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought

Question 11

Values

Answer 11

The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, superior or inferior, good, or bad, beautiful or ugly

Question 12

Norms

Answer 12

Expectations of “right” behavior

Question 13

Sanction

Answer 13

Either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expression of disapproval for violating them

Question 14

Positive Sanction

Answer 14

A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward

Question 15

Negative Sanction

Answer 15

An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prize or a prison sentence

Question 16

Folkways

Answer 16

Norms that are not strictly enforced

Question 17

Mores

Answer 17

Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or the well-being of the group

Question 18

Taboo

Answer 18

A norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions, even revulsion if violated

Question 19

subculture

Answer 19

The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

Question 20

Counterculture

Answer 20

A group whose values beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture

Question 21

Pluralistic Society

Answer 21

A society made u of many different groups

Question 22

Core Values

Answer 22

The values that are central to a group those around which people build a common identity

Question 23

Values cluster

Answer 23

Values that together from a larger whole

Question 24

Value Contradiction

Answer 24

Values that contradict one another; follow the one mean to come into conflict with the other

Question 25

Ideal culture

Answer 25

a Peoples ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them

Question 26

Real culture

Answer 26

The norms and values that people actually follow; as opposed to ideal culture

Question 27

Culture universals

Answer 27

A value, norm, or other culture traits that is found in every group

Question 28

Technology

Answer 28

In its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tolls

Question 29

New technology

Answer 29

The emerging technologies of an era that have significant impact on social life

Question 30

Cultural lag

Answer 30

Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovation

Question 31

cultural diffusion

Answer 31

The spread of culture traits from one group to another, including both material and nonmaterial cultural traits

Question 32

Cultural leveling

Answer 32

The process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which western culture is being exported and diffused into other nation

Question 33

Which of the following is part of a group's material culture?

Answer 33

Art

Question 34

Wearing t-shirts and shorts are natural for American teens, but for foreigners, this dress may cause

Answer 34

Culture Shock

Question 35

Shorthand way to convey messages without using words are known as

Answer 35

Gestures

Question 36

In a society that places high value on hard work, getting a raise would be an example of a

Answer 36

positive sanction

Question 37

Talking loudly while in a movie theater is an example of a

Answer 37

folkway, because it is not serious and the likely consequence is being asked to quiet down

Question 38

A _____ is a world within the larger world of the dominant culture

Answer 38

Subculture

Question 39

How are teenagers and bodybuilders similar?

Answer 39

They both are considered subculture

Question 40

A _____ is a world within the larger world of the dominant culture

Answer 40

Value cluster