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PHYS-P 215 Exam 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human Physiology Definition

A

Study of how our bodies keeps us alive and functioning

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2
Q

Physiology vs Anatomy Saying

A

“Function Follows Form”. Neurons recieve information from many different sources but the anatomy allows us to see the dendrites and how they allow more contact and communication

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3
Q

Role of Physiology?

A

To understand how the anatomy is used to make these functions happen

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4
Q

What is Homeostasis

A

Maintaining Internal Equilibrium

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5
Q

Why is Homeostasis important?

A

External Factors: Room Temp, Pathogens

Internal Factors: Exercise

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6
Q

How is Homeostasis Maintained?

A

Negative Feedback

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7
Q

Homeostasis Maintenance Steps

A

Stimulus –> Receptor –> (Afferent Pathway/Sensory Pathway) –> Integrating Center –> Effector (Efferent Pathway/Motor Pathway) –> Response –> Negative Feedback

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8
Q

Result of Negative Feedback?

A

Maintenance of internal functions, maintains physiological “set points”

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9
Q

What about positive feedback?

A

Mechanism: Once one system becomes active, others begin to start activating as well. Essentially a chain. Short but rapid activity

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10
Q

Examples of Positive Feedback

A

Platelets –> Clotting. Sacrifice one point in order to maintain overall equilibrium.
Increase of Estrogen prior to Ovulation
Calcium Release in the muscle

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11
Q

How does positive feedback fit in with the idea of homeostasis?

A

We sacrifice one point to maintain overall system

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12
Q

Hierachy of Physiology

A

Atoms - Smallest functional form (O2) Oxygen.

Ions . Low pH = High [H+] = Acidic. High pH = Low [H+] = Basic

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13
Q

Negative Feedback while walking on a balance beam

A

If you start leaning, body senses that you’re out of balance and negative feedback is triggered and tries to recenter itcelf.

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14
Q

Small Molecule Examples

A

H20, CO2, C6H2O6, Amino Acids

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15
Q

Large Molecule Examples

A

Fats, Proteins, DNA

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16
Q

Why does molecular size matter?

A

Ease of movement when smaller; Crossing Membrane

Amount of energy stored. Larger energy = More atoms which means more bonds.

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17
Q

What is Polarity?

A

How equal electrons are shared within atoms. Some may draw elements closer than others

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18
Q

Polar Example

A

Water, GLucose, All Ions, Amine and Peptide Hormones

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19
Q

Non-Polar Types

A

Lipophilic (Soluble in Fat)

Hydrophobic (Not Water Soluble)

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20
Q

Non-Polar Examples

A

Lipids (Fats) , Vitamin A, D,E,K; Steroid Hormones

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21
Q

Why does polarity matter?

A

Solubility in water. We are mostly water

Membrane Permeability; How hard is it to get in?

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22
Q

Organelles Definition

A

Small organs for cell, maintain homeostasis in cell.

23
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Outer and Inner Membrane. Matrix (Space) has a lot of enzymes with its DNA. We’ll see ATP there, produces it.

24
Q

Ribosomes Structure

A

Only non-membranous. Made up of nucleic acid. Contains a large and small subunit. Will start process of making protein, connect to producing.

25
Q

Ribosomes Function

A

ER has fixed ribosomes with it producing membrane proteins

26
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

A

Membrane folded on top of each other to make chambers. RER has fixed ribosomes with it being expertive or four membrane proteins. This is the beginning of building proteins

27
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

A

Adds lipid groups to a molecular of protein. It is specialized within muscles

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

“Mailroom of Cells”

Membranes fold to make chambers. Attaches carbohydrate groups to molecules (GLycoproteins). Serve as distribution point, determines where things go, can leave or stay in cell.

29
Q

Nucleus

A

Digestive System of cells. Spheres of membrane to enclose enzymes. Creates chains of amino acids, –> Breaks bonds –> creates individual amino acids

30
Q

Disease Associated with Lysosomes

A

Tay-Sachs Disease; Within the Lysosome. Don’t have one specific enzyme. There is one lipid they cannot absorb and break down. Cell gets crowded and dies

31
Q

Cytoskeleton - Muscle

A

“Bone” of the cell. Have microfilaments and microtubules to maintain structural integrity. Aids in movement (Actin + Myosin). Provides track for internal transport.

32
Q

Cytoskeleton - Cilia

A

Specialized cytoskeleton structure. Helps mucus go up throat.

33
Q

Cytoskeleton - Microvilli

A

Located within digestive system. Increases surface ARea

34
Q

Cells ; Plasma Membrane; Phospholipid Bilayer

A

Form sphers, head attracted to water while the water side repels it. Phospholipids group each other in water.

35
Q

Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic

A

The head is Hydrophilic while the tail is Hydrophobic

36
Q

Relationship between molecular size and polarity?

A

There is no relationship, and there are no associations that exist

37
Q

How do organelles fit into the concept of Homeostasis?

A

Maintain cells homeostasis, which form larger organs

38
Q

How is homeostasis affected in Tay-Sachs Disease?

A

One enzyme is missed in a lysosomes and a certain fat can’t be destroyed.

39
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

More Lipid than Phosphate. Nonpolar because of the tail. Crossing depends on polarity.

40
Q

Can water cross Phopholipid Bilayer?

A

Water has trouble crossing because it’s polar.

41
Q

Can ions cross Phospholipid Bilayer?

A

No

42
Q

What can cross Phospholipid Bilayer?

A

Non polar substances can cross and has access to cell and membrane

43
Q

Membrane Proteins - Integral

A

Part of the protein imbedded within membrane. Help get polar molecules from one end to another

44
Q

Example of Integral Protein

A

Ion Channel, Channel Proteins

45
Q

Membrane Proteins - Peripheral

A

Not imbedded within membrane

46
Q

Example of Peripheral Proteins

A

G-Proteins, Enzymes

47
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Describes fluid within the plasma membrane. Explains how the structure isn’t rigid and how things move around

48
Q

Membrane Functions

A

Physical Barrier
Transportation
Communication
Overall Structure

49
Q

Membrane Functions - Physical Barrier

A

Allows cells to have internal homeostasis

50
Q

Membrane Function - Transportation

A

Moving things in and our across membrane

51
Q

Membrane Function - Communication

A

Electrical communication, ion movement among inside and outside

52
Q

Membrane Function - Overall Structure

A

Structures within membrane which help it survive

53
Q

Cytosol - Intracellular Fluid

A

2/3 Body Water is this. Water inside of cell.

High Concentrations of K+, Amino Acids, Glucose

PHYS-P 215 Exam 1 (5 decks)

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