Chapter 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
Define/describe “natural reality.”
consists of all phenomena that occur in the physical universe. (The rotation of the earth, circumference of earth etc.. )
Give an original example of a phenomenon of natural reality that is publicly verifiable.
Temperature sun wind
Describe an “objective” viewpoint.
Where you live. How much you make.
What is “objectivity?”
is interpreted based on publicly verifiable evidence
Define “ideology.”
A set of personal beliefs and expectations of how we want the world to work.
Define “bias.”
means to favor one viewpoint over others, often for emotional reasons, while dismissing any objective analysis to the contrary.
Describe “confirmation bias.”
The search for and acceptance only of information that confirms and supports a person’s beliefs and ideology
Describe “willful ignorance.”
The intentional refusal to accept or consider information that conflicts with a person’s beliefs and ideology.
What is “false equivalence?”
The idea that arguments based mostly or entirely on emotion and ignorance are equivalent to arguments based on objectivity, facts, and reason.
Why is false equivalence a problem?
It’s a problem because there is a growing trend in American society that considers public policy arguments based on emotion and ignorance as equivalent to arguments based on objectivity, facts, and reason. it weakens the effectiveness of objectivity
Without objectivity in the courts and legislatures, what is the problem?
persecuted and oppressed individuals lose the power to apply reason in defense of their interests
In the overall scheme of things in our modern civilization, what are the interconnected roles of: 1) science 2) technology 3) commerce 4) public oversight
1) science
Understanding how nature works;
2) technology apply scientific understanding to invent useful products and services;
3) commerce manufacturing and distributing useful products and services;
4) public oversight to ensure that these activities serve the public good.
What is the point of the philosophy of science?
is to explain all.
When we think about science, why do we think about the fields of biology, physics, and chemistry?
these fields, throughout human history, have posed the most mysterious and compelling questions.
Why do some peoples of the world worship bears, and wolves, and the rain?
No alternative way of explaining universal questions. See objects as powerful because they can’t control them consult them appease these dangerous powers
Scientific thinking helped in the emergence of what technical enterprise in ancient China and India?
healers investigated plants for medicinal properties.
- Where was Mesopotamia? What rewarding technical enterprise emerged with the growth of scientific thought there?
ancient land between the famed Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in what now is modern Iraq. Farming. Geometry. Civil engineering
Argument by incredulity
logical fallacy that occurs when someone decides that something did not happen, because they cannot personally understand how it could happen.
Affluence wealth
to purchase non-essential things
Ancient Greek Empire
Concentrated wealth spent extra money on
slave labor architecture sports education medicine
weapons arts philosophy
land
Empire conquest of places outside of their area
Philosophy
Framework of how to explain everything
What three intellectual milestones did the ancient Greeks achieve?
1) They acknowledged a curiosity of the natural world, and mustered a willingness to investigate it - without the aid of the supernatural.
2) They accepted the validity of the human senses to observe natural reality, and the human mind to interpret those perceptions.
3) They recognized the value of publicly verifiable evidence gathered by methodical observation.
What is “natural philosophy”?
find explanations about the natural world without the use of the supernatural.
Verifiable evidence reason
Although full of insight, why were the beliefs of most early natural philosophers usually incomplete, and sometimes dead wrong?
inventive explanations about life and the universe , solely intellectual philosophy