Chapter 1 Flashcards by Othman nasser

systematically study and analyze the various elements that constitute a society’s structure and the relationship among these elements”

Goal of Sociolgy

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Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both.

Sociological Imagination

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Certain behaviours are determined by our biology” instinctive & therefor can’t change

Biological Determinism

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Inborn complex pattern of behavior that must normally exist in every member of the species”

Instinct

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Genes influence environment & environment influences genes

Nature and nurture

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Complete way of life shared by people, including both material and non-material elements.”

Culture

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Based on Culture definition, what do materials mean?

Church or mosque

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Based on Culture definition, what does Cognitive mean?

Knowledge & Beliefs

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Based on Culture definition, what does Symbolic mean?

Verbal and non-verbal forms of communication”

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Based on Culture definition, what does Normative mean?

Values; behavioural expectations)

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4 main characteristics of Culture:

1- Learned
2- Shared
3- Integrated
4-Socialization

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Learning process over time; generation-to-generation; patterns of traditions, beliefs & values .. definition of?

Socialization

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Tendency to see the world in terms of our own culture” (

Ethnocentrism

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The way humans get the things they need for survival – their food, clothing, and shelter – must be central to how they organize their societies and construct their cultures.”

Mode of Production

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Transition from foraging & gathering to domesticated plants & animals

Neolithic Revolution

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Involves the ways in which people in particular social groups can force people in other social groups to act in certain ways”

Control or Influence

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4 Expressions of Power:

Power Over
Power To
Power With
Power Within

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What period of century is this?
Before written history - 
Before 3000 BCE
Art (cave paintings...)
Neolithic Revolution – farming &amp; domesticated animals

Prehistoric

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What period of century is this?

Invention of writing
Fall of the Roman Empire
3000 BCE – 400 CE•
*Western philosophy (Greeks)

Ancient

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What period of century is this?
Emergence of the Christian church (Pope) & creation of Islam
400 CE – 1400 CE
Feudalism – “system of private ownership”
class of owners = nobility & producing class = peasants

Middle Ages

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What period of century is this?
Humanism – focus on human knowledge
1400 - 1600
Creation of printing press

Renaissance

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What period of century is this?

Science revolution
1600-1800 [1700 = Enlightenment]
Middle class

Early Modern

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What period of century is this?

Capitalism
After 1800
Violence [20th century = most violent in history

Modern

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What period of century is this?

capitalism; urbanization; technology; secularism; optimism

Modernism ~1850-1960

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What are the main features of Modern Society?

- Capitalism - Urbanization - Technology - Secularism - Optimism

True or False, Economic System – increasing money (capital) & private ownership?

True

True or False, dominant Groups = take surplus (often using force)

True

as [in Europe at the beginning of the sixteenth century] that capitalism introduced the idea of using scarcity as a deliberative tool of economic organization. By intentionally creating ____

scarcity

Sum total of the worker’s physical and mental capacities that go into a particular work task

Labour power

Many buyers & sellers influencing price

Free enterprise

Multiple producers of the same product which exceeds the demand/buyers (leftover often sold at a loss).

Crisis of Overproduction

Shift from product to finances (paper economy)

Financialization

_______ is the measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.

socioeconomic Status

Weber – 3 Dimensions of Inequality:

1- Class Inequality (SES; “life chances”) 2- Status Inequality (social prestige) 3- power Inequality (ability to influence / politically)

Control that the ruling class has over a society’s belief system”

Hegemony

Dominant ideology of capitalism:

Liberalism

A body of assumptions, ideas, and values that combine into a coherent world-view

Ideology

2 key to change Capitalism

1- Few Owners | 2- Globalization of Capital

Introduction of machinery Focus on mass production Complexity of labour division

Fordism

Lean production (reduced employees; precarious employment; management using stress/fear for productivity

Post-Fordism

Average Canadian = min. less with family in 2005 (1986) | 1993-2009 > people died (work-related causes)

45 min | 15,000

Separation of worker from labour by Marx Job stress Lack of control are called?

Alienation

Mechanical solidarity (shared values & social bonds) Organic solidarity (work together – like organs) Importance of social connectedness (individual health; suicide) was founded by?

Émile Durkheim

Gemeinschaft (مجتمع/community) : community by social bond (family & friends) Gesellschaftt (society) :community by association (large urban centers) was founded by?

Tönnies

______ institutional and organizational apparatus through which social power is exercised and decisions impacting society generally are made

State

______ particular assemblage of people who are formally in control of the apparatus of the state for a limited period of time”

Government

______ is the participations & influence of the people

Democracy

Notes from the video Naomi KleinDemocracy – The State - ShocK There are 5 steps of tactics resistance or exploit crisis:

``` 1- Know whats coming 2- Get out of you home & defy the bans 3- Know your history 4- Always follow the money 5- Advance a bold counter-plan ```

Public domain _____ | Water, air, language, culture, community....

The Commons

______ form of capitalism; notion that the State is responsible for its citizens & therefore is involved in “economic affairs”; increased social safety net.

Welfare State

Neoliberalism focuses on:

``` Profit Free market competition Deregulation Privatization Decline in democracy & civil rights ```

What type of poverty

Absolute poverty = not meeting basic needs cannot sustain life – minimum resources for life (food, water...) Relative poverty = social exclusion from everyday activities/life

difference between Wealth and Income

``` Wealth = our assets Income = wages/salaries ```

What are the top Canadian cities in child poverty?

1- Toronto 2- Montreal 3- Winnipeg 4- Hamilton

Poverty rates range from as low as 5% in ______ to Plains to as high as 75.6% in _____

Hammonds | Eskasoni

The Child poverty rate in ______ points to the extremely high poverty rates among indigenous children in Canada

Eskasoni

Order Theories means ?

Functionalism

What is ... Changing overtime b/c globalization & overproduction & monopolization

Capitalism

NOT focused on civil rights (profit; benefit business) | Taxation NOT progressive (focus on the I not the WE

Neoliberalism

_____ group association based on “certain distinctive physical characteristics”

Race

True or False? modern-day distinctions between people are more cultural than physical in race

True

groups associated by cultural traits

Ethnicity

is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture "Consider culture as ‘favorable’ "

Ethnocentrism

same as Ethnocentrism but with hatred

ethnic Chauvinism

hostility b/c Jewish origin

Anti-Semitism

hostility b/c Muslim & religion Islam

Islamophobia

hostility based on group membership

Prejudice

“denial of equal treatment or opportunities

Discrimination

Three types of Violence

- Direct Violence: - Structural Violence - Cultural Violence

Socially constructed categories of masculine and feminine

Gender

Phsiological categories of male and female”

Sex

Gender identity and gender expression matches your birth sex

CISgender

According to Yee Won, we should not say he or she, and if you don't know what gender they are, use their ___

name

is a social system in which males hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege and control of property.

Patriarchy

lief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, as well as the various social movements organized around this belief.”

Feminism

What feminism wave was this? 19th century Mostly white women – focus on securing vote

Wave 1

What feminism wave was this? Evolved from social movements (anti-war; civil rights; students) Rejection of motherhood & traditional gender roles Becoming a little more diverse..... Gloria Steinem

Wave 2

What feminism wave was this? Radical Feminism Diversity & recognition of silenced/missing voices Marx foundation (role of structure)

Wave 3

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(78 cards)