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ULM bio 1014 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

the structure features of cells

A

cytology

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2
Q

the examination of tissues, groups of specialized cells and materials surrounding them

A

histology

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3
Q

examination of relatively large structures without the aid of a microscope

A

gross anatomy

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4
Q

study of the structure of organ systems

A

systemic anatomy

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5
Q

scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things

A

physiology

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6
Q

the study of the functions of the human body

A

human physiology

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7
Q

condition in which there are specific relationships and functions

A

organization

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8
Q

all chemical reactions of the body

A

metabolism

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9
Q

ability to sense changes and adjust

A

responsiveness

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10
Q

increase in size and/or number of cells

A

growth

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11
Q

changes in an organism over time

A

development

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12
Q

change from general to specific

A

differentiation

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13
Q

change in shape of tissues, organs

A

morphogenesis

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14
Q

new cells or new organisms

A

reproduction

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15
Q

anything that occupies space and has mass

A

matter

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16
Q

the amount of matter in an object

A

mass

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17
Q

the gravitational force acting on an object of a given mass

A

weight

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18
Q

the simplest type of matter with unique chemical properties; composed of atoms of only one kind

A

element

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19
Q

smallest particle of an element that has chemical characteristics of that element; composed of subatomic particles

A

atom

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20
Q

equal to the number of protons in each atom, which is equal to the number of electrons

A

atomic number

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21
Q

number of protons plus number of neutrons

A

mass number

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22
Q

two or more forms of same element with the same number of protons and electrons but different neutron number

A

isotopes

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23
Q

average mass of naturally occuring isotopes

A

atomic mass

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24
Q

two or more atoms chemically combine to form an independent unit H2

A

molecules

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25
a substance composed of two or more different types of atoms chemically combined H2O
compounds
26
determined by adding up atomic masses of its atoms or ions
molecular mass
27
atoms exchange electrons
ionic bonding
28
two or more atoms share electron pairs
covalent bonding
29
an atom loses or gains electrons and becomes charged
ion
30
two atoms share one pair of electrons
single covalent
31
two atoms share four electrons
double covalent
32
electrons shared equally because nuclei attract the electrons equally
nonpolar covalent
33
electrons not shared equally because one nucleus attracts the electrons more than the other does
polar covalent
34
ability or one substance to dissolve in another | ex. sugar or salt dissolves in water
solubility
35
solutions made by the dissociation of cations and anions in water; have capacity to conduct an electric current; currents can be detected by electrodes
electrolytes
36
solutions made by molecules that dissolve in water, but do not dissociate; do not conduct electricity
nonelectrolytes
37
collective term used for the sum of all of the anabolic and catabolic reactions in the body
metabolism
38
two or more reactants chemically combine to form a new and larger product
synthesis reactions
39
large reactant is broken down to form smaller products
decomposition reactions
40
water is split into two parts that contribute to formation of the products
hydrolysis
41
synthetic reaction where water is a product
dehydration
42
chemical reactions in which the reaction can proceed either from reactants to products or from products to reactants
reversible reactions
43
rate of product formation is equal to rate of reactant formation
equilibrium
44
the complete or partial loss of an electron by one substance is accompanied by the gain of that electron by another substance
oxidation reduction reactions
45
the capacity to do work
energy
46
energy stored in chemical bonds; energy that could do work if it were released. breaking chemical bonds releases energy
potential energy
47
does work and moves matter
kinetic energy
48
form of potential energy in the chemical bonds or a substance
chemical energy
49
energy that flows between objects of different temperatures
heat energy
50
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions without being permanently changed or depleted
catalysts
51
catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy necessary for reaction to begin
enzymes
52
minimum energy reactants must have to start a chemical reaction
activation energy
53
substances physically but not chemically combined
mixture
54
materials separate unless stirred. sand and water
suspension
55
dispersal of tiny particles through a medium. milk
colloid
56
mixture of liquids, gasses, or solids that are uniformly distributed and chemically combined
solution
57
blood is a what
mixture, solution and colloid
58
a proton donor or any substance that releases hydrogen ions
acid
59
a proton acceptor or any substance that binds to or accepts hydrogen ions
base
60
a greater concentration of hydrogen ions
acidic
61
a greater concentration of hydroxide ions
alkaline or basic
62
physiological pH is what
7.4
63
a compound consisting of a cation other than a hydrogen ion and an anion other than a hydroxide ion
salt
64
a solution of a conjugate acid-base pair in which acid and base components occur in similar concentrations
buffer
65
interferes with active site of enzymes so substrate cannot bind
competitive inhibition
66
changes shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate
noncompetitive inhibition
67
cellular material outside the nucleus but inside plasma membrane
cytoplasm
68
what is cytosol
the fluid portion
69
supports the cell but has to allow for movements like changes in cell shape and movements of cilia
cytoskeleton
70
hollow, made of tubulin; internal scaffold, transport, cell division
microtubules
71
consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic inclusions
cytoskeleton
72
actin; structure, support for microvilli, contractility, and movement
microfilaments
73
mechanical strength
intermediate filaments
74
aggregates of chemicals such as lipid droplets, melanin
cytoplasmic inclusions
75
control center of cell; contains most genetic material
nucleus
76
thin threads of DNA and proteins; condenses to form chromosomes
chromatin
77
contains rRNA and proteins; assembly of ribosomal units
nucleolus
78
During cell division, chromatin condenses into pairs of chromatids called ________
chromosomes
79
each pair of chromatids is joined by a ________
centromere
80
sites of protein synthesis; composed of a large and a small subunit; free and attached(to endoplasmic reticulum)
ribosomes
81
endoplasmic reticulum can be what
rough or smooth
82
has attached ribosomes; proteins produced and modified; storage/transport of proteins
rough ER
83
no attached ribosomes; manufactures lipids and CHOs; detoxification and Ca2+
smooth ER
84
interior spaces isolated from rest of cytoplasm
cisternae
85
modification, packaging, distribution of proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use; flattened membrane sacs stacked on each other
golgi apparatus
86
smaller than lysosomes; contain enzymes to break down fatty acids and amino acids-- hydrogen peroxide is a by-product of breakdown, uses catalase to remove hydrogen peroxide
peroxisomes
87
consist of large protein complexes; includes several enzymes that break down and recycle proteins in cell
proteasomes
88
major site of ATP synthesis; increase in number when cell energy requirements increase; contain DNA that codes for some of the proteins needed for mitochondria production
mitochondria
89
inner foldings of inner membrane of mito
cristae
90
substance located in space formed by inner membrane of mito
matrix

ULM bio 1014 (1 decks)

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