Chapter 1 Flashcards by Jennifer Louise Guest

Loss of appetite can be a sign of what?

mouth ulcers
nasal congestion (impaired olfactory function)
infectious diseases and pyrexia
metabolic diseases

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What symptoms does a voracious appetite with weight loss mean?

Pancreatic insufficiency or worms

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What does pica mean?

Craving for un natural food stuffs which may be due to dietary in balance

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What does coprophagia mean?

The eating of faeces

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Polyuria means?

Increased urinary production

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Polydipsia means?

Increased thirst

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What can the symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia be due to?

Nephritis
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
Pyometra

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Dysuria means?

Difficult in passing urine

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Anuria means?

Total inability to pass urine

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Haematuria means?

Presence of blood in the urine

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Changes in urine can emergency situations and can be caused by?

Cystic calculi
Feline urological syndrome
Prostatic enlargement

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Constipation means?

Failure to evacuate faeces

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Constipation can be caused by?

Ingestion of foreign material (poison)
Tumours 
Environmental factors 
Enlargement of the prostate gland
Dehydration 
Key Gaskell syndrome in cats

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Diarrhoea means?

The frequent evacuation of watery faeces from the bowel

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Diarrhoea can be caused by?

Canine parvovirus 
Bacterial infection (lepto) 
Distemper
Feline panleucopenia
Colitis 
Tumours of the intestines 
Intussusception 
Endoparasites 
Unsuitable diet 
Ingestion of placenta after bitch giving birth

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Vomiting means?

Emission from the mouth of stomach contents

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Vomiting can be caused by?

Ingestion of foreign material (poisons) 
Diabetes mellitus 
Nephritis 
Pancreatitis 
Pyometra 
Foreign bodies 
Endoparasites 
Viral infection (parvovirus)

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Vomited should be examined for?

Volume
Blood
Mucus
Evidence of poisons

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Vomited can be related to?

Feeding patterns

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Projectile vomit?

Forceful vomiting without retching

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Regurgitation?

Backflow of food from the oesophagus

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Stercoraceous vomit?

Vomit contains faeces

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Haematemesis vomit?

Vomit containing blood

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Bilious vomit?

Vomit containing bile

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Cyclic vomiting?

Recurring acts of vomiting

Retching?

Ineffectual attempts to vomit

Nasal discharge is often accompanied by?

Sneezing

Nasal discharge can be caused by?

Foreign bodies Distemper Feline calicivirus Feline viral rhinotracheitis

Aural discharge is often accompanied by?

Head shaking and more common in long eared breeds

Aural discharge may be caused by?

Foreign bodies Ear mites Infection

To check the ears you use a?

Auroscope

Ocular discharge may be noticed by?

Pawing at the face and rubbing head

Ocular discharge can be caused by?

Distemper Feline upper respiratory tract infection Foreign body Abnormal eyelid and eyelash structure

Coughing can be caused by?

``` Congestive heart failure Roundworm Kennel cough Bronchitis Distemper Inhalation of chemicals or irritants ```

Pale mucous membranes means?

Haemorrhage Anaemia Circulatory collapse

Blue tinged mucous membranes (cyanosis) means?

Respiratory obstruction

Yellow icterus mucous membranes?

Liver disease | Leptospirosis

Sign of restlessness are?

``` Panting Whining Pacing Scratching at bedding Barking Can’t settle ```

Restlessness can be caused by?

``` Pain or discomfort Excess heat or cold Need to toilet Hunger or thirst Lonely or bored Dressing too tight ```

Temperature of a dog is?

38.3-38.7

Temperature of a cat is?

38.0-38.5

Pulse of a dog?

60-180 beats per minute

Pulse of cat?

110-180 beats per minute

Respiration of a dog?

10-30 breaths per minute

Respiratory rate of a cat?

20-30 beats per minute

Pyrexia high body temperature can be caused by?

``` Infection Heat stroke Convulsions Pain Excitement ```

Low body temperature can be caused by?

Shock Circulatory collapse Impending parturition

Fluctuating temperature is known as?

Diphasic

A pulse rate can be taken anywhere where?

An artery runs close to the body

Easy pulse corresponds with which side of the heart?

Left

The pulse can be taken?

Femoral artery Digital artery Coccygeal artery Lingual artery

Normal pulse rate is called?

Sinus arrhythmia

Abnormal pulse rate is called?

Dysrhythmia

Raised abnormal pulse causes?

``` Fever Exercise Hypoxia Pain Fear ```

Lowered abnormal pulse rate can be caused by?

Unconscious Anaesthesia Debilitating disease Sleep

Weak pulse can be caused by?

Shock | Diminished cardiac output

Strong and jerky pulse can be caused by?

Valvular insufficiency | Congenital heart defect

Tachypnoea increased respiratory rate can be caused by?

Heat Exercise Pain Poisons

Bradypnoea decreased respiratory rate caused by?

Poisons Metabolic alkalosis Sleep

Dyspnoea can be caused by?

``` Obstruction Bronchitis Pleural adhesions Pneumonia Pneumothorax Hydrothorax Pyothorax ```

Cheyne stokes respiration occurs when?

Shortly before death

Respiratory rate should be taken when?

When at rest but not sleeping or panting

All patients have a basic requirement of?

``` Nutrition Warmth Comfort Hygiene Mental stimulation ```

What food should be fed to a in patient?

Palatable and high energy during recovery

Various ways of encouraging patients to eat are?

Placing food on nose and paws Spoon feeding Syringe feeding Tubing

What temperature of the hospital is recommended?

18-20c

How can additional warmth be added?

``` Blankets and towels Vetbeds Heat lamps Hot water bottle Heat pads Incubators ```

A recumbent patient should be turned every?

2-4 hours

Emetics are used too?

Empty the stomach contents

Reasons for bandaging?

Support Protection Pressure Immobilisation

If the patient is trying to get the dressing off you should?

``` Discipline Collar Muzzle Foul tasting substance Sedation ```

Medication can be given?

Orally Rectally Parenterally Topically

When choosing the route of medication you have to take into consideration?

Pharmacological properties Rate of absorption The patient Convenience for administrator

Advantages of oral medications?

Least painful Easily administered Least risk of infection

Disadvantages of oral medication?

``` Possible aspiration Variable rate of absorption May cause irritation or vomiting Patients may not tolerate administration Difficult to ensure correct dosage ```

Chapter 1 Flashcards

(75 cards)