Chapter 1-7 exam 1 Flashcards
(210 cards)
1
Q
Define Pharmacology
A
study of all interactions between drugs and living things
2
Q
5 things pharmacology study’s?
A
1. drug origin 2 nature 3. chemistry 4. effects 5 uses
3
Q
what does the nurse need to know regarding drugs (12)
A
- drug name/classification
- action/kinetics
- uses
- contraindication
- special concerns
- side effects
- lab test considerations
- drug interactions
9 overdose management - how supplied
- dosage
- nursing actions
4
Q
What is the general concept of pharmacology
A
no medication has a single action
5
Q
all medications have the potential to alter more than ___ ___ ____
A
one body function
6
Q
The 3 things the nurse must know when applying pharmacology to nursing practice (think drug)
A
- what medications are appropriate for the pt.
- what drugs are contraindicated for the pt.
- the probable consequences of the interaction between drug and pt.
7
Q
5 identifiers for high-risk patients
A
- liver and kidney impairment
- drug allergies
- pregnancy
- elderly and pediatrics
- tools: pt. history, physical exam, and lab results
8
Q
Other than prescribed medications what other things does the nurse need to know from her/his pt.
A
what OTC drugs and what herbs. Allergies/reactions
9
Q
what are the 8 rights
A
- right route
- right client
- right drug
- right rationale,
- right dose
- right time
- right documentation
- right know/refuse
10
Q
Before giving a medication other than the 8 rights what does the nurse need to know
A
pre-assessment information, vital signs etc
11
Q
How far from the medication administration is the pre-assessment
A
30 minutes not any later.
12
Q
4 types of drug names
A
- chemical name
- generic name
- trade name
- molecular formula
13
Q
What is the chemical name (definition)
A
it is the name of the medication in chemical terms IE N-acetyl-para-aminopheno
14
Q
What is the generic name of medication (definition)
A
name the drug is known as other than trade name IE acetaminophen
15
Q
what is the trade name of the medication (definition)
A
the manufacturer name for the drug IE Tylenol
16
Q
What is the molecular formula of the medication (definition)
A
the actual molecular structure of the drug IE C34H40N20O10S
17
Q
What is the purpose of the federal drug laws and standards
A
to ensure safety
18
Q
How did federal drug laws and standards come into being
A
occured after numerous drug-induced catastrophes
19
Q
4 things that the controlled substance ACT does
A
- provides for increase research into an4.d prevention of drug abuse and drug dependence
- provides for treatment and rehab of drug abusers and drug-dependent persons
- strengthened law enforcement
- controlled substance schedule
20
Q
When did the controlled substance act come into law
A
1970
21
Q
What are the 4 categories of controlled substances - scheduled
A
C-1
C-2
C-3
C-4
22
Q
What is the abuse potential for C-1
A
High
23
Q
What are the dispensing restrictions with schedule C-1
A
only with protocol
24
Q
3 examples of Schedule C-1
A
heroin
LSD
Marijuana
25
What is the abuse potential for C-2
High
26
What is the dispensing restrictions of C-2
1. Written by prescription only.
2. no refills
3. Must have warning label
27
What is the abuse potential of C-3
Less than C-2
28
4 examples of Schedule C-2
Codeine, cocaine morphine, meperidine
29
what are the dispensing restrictions of C-3
1. written or oral prescriptions
2. max refill 5 refills in 6 months
3. must have a warning label
30
What are some examples of schedule C-3
hydrocodone
| ketamine
31
what is the abuse potential C-4
less than C-3
32
What are the dispensing restrictions of C-4
1. written or oral prescriptions
2. max 5 refills in 6 months
3. must have a warning label
33
examples of C-4
lorazepam, phentermine, phenobarbital
34
what is the abuse potential of C-V
less than C-4
35
What are the dispensing restrictions of C-v
written prescription or over the counter depending on the state
36
what is an example of C-V
lomotil
37
How long does the FDA drug approval process take
about 10 years
38
In phase 1, of the FDA process, what is that process looking for
Phase 1 is on healthy people and is used to find the metabolization of the drug
39
In phase 2 of the FDA process, what is that process looking for
Phase 2 is on the person with the disease for effects generally administered with a placebo
40
In Phase 3 of the FDA process, what is the process looking for
Generally this phase is after the completion phase 2 and is more about legal paperwork than anything else
41
In phase 4 of the FDA process, what is the process lookingfor
this phase is generally used for marketing
42
in the FDA process what is IND
investigational new drug
43
In FDA process what is NDA
new drug application
44
in the FDA process what is clinical phase I, II, and III
to determine safety, dose, and eficacy
45
in the FDA process what is experimental phases
INDA phase I, II, and III; put on market if NDA approved by FDA
46
What is pharmacokinetics
used to explain a drug's action in the body, such as its onset, peak and duration
47
Define Peak
maximum drug relief/action
48
Define onset
When it starts working
49
Define duration
how long it will last
50
3 Parenteral dosage forms
administered directly into the circulation IM, IV, subq
51
In parenteral dosage forms solutions must be similar to _____ to be safe
blood
52
The advantages of Parenteral dosage forms of medication is
do not have to be dissolved and adsorbed to the site of action
53
what are 6 routes of administration of medications
1. enteral po
2. NG tube
3. sublingual
4. topical
5. transdermal
6. inhaled
54
From slowest to fastest drug absorption for oral preparations
1. enteric-coasted tablets
2. coated tablets
3. tablets
4. capsules
5. powders
6. suspension solutions
7. liquids, elixirs, and syrups
8. oral disintegration, buccal tablets, and oral soluble wafers
55
What are two complications of absorption in GI motility
diarrhea
| constipation
56
First pass effect ..it effects only what type of drugs
Oral
57
What is first pass effect
a phenomenon that occurs after giving an oral drug. A large amount of the drug becomes inactive in the liver after going through the GI tract
58
How long does the FDA drug approval process take
about 10 years
59
In phase 1, of the FDA process, what is that process looking for
Phase 1 is on healthy people and is used to find the metabolization of the drug
60
In phase 2 of the FDA process, what is that process looking for
Phase 2 is on the person with the disease for effects generally administered with a placebo
61
In Phase 3 of the FDA process, what is the process looking for
Generally this phase is after the completion phase 2 and is more about legal paperwork than anything else
62
In phase 4 of the FDA process, what is the process lookingfor
this phase is generally used for marketing
63
in the FDA process what is IND
investigational new drug
64
In FDA process what is NDA
new drug application
65
in the FDA process what is clinical phase I, II, and III
to determine safety, dose, and eficacy
66
in the FDA process what is experimental phases
INDA phase I, II, and III; put on market if NDA approved by FDA
67
What is pharmacokinetics
used to explain a drug's action in the body, such as its onset, peak and duration
68
Define Peak
maximum drug relief/action
69
Define onset
When it starts working
70
Define duration
how long it will last
71
3 Parenteral dosage forms
administered directly into the circulation IM, IV, subq
72
In parenteral dosage forms solutions must be similar to _____ to be safe
blood
73
The advantages of Parenteral dosage forms of medication is
do not have to be dissolved and adsorbed to the site of action
74
what are 6 routes of administration of medications
1. enteral po
2. NG tube
3. sublingual
4. topical
5. transdermal
6. inhaled
75
From slowest to fastest drug absorption for oral preparations
1. enteric-coasted tablets
2. coated tablets
3. tablets
4. capsules
5. powders
6. suspension solutions
7. liquids, elixirs, and syrups
8. oral disintegration, buccal tablets, and oral soluble wafers
76
What are two complications of absorption in GI motility
diarrhea
| constipation
77
First pass effect ..it effects only what type of drugs
Oral
78
What is first pass effect
a phenomenon that occurs after giving an oral drug. A large amount of the drug becomes inactive in the liver after going through the GI tract
79
Distribution is:
Transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action.
80
What does distribution depend on:
blood circulation
81
Regarding distribution, what organs get the drug first:
The organs with the largest blood supply. Liver, heart, kidneys
82
Distribution is effected by
how protein bound the drug is
83
Protein binding is the equivalent of:
storage
84
When two drugs that are highly protein bound are given together, the one with the ____ ____ will be more abundant in its free form
lesser affinity
85
what is the most abundant form of protein
albumin
86
another name for metabolism is
biotrasformation
87
____ is the primary organ for metabolism
liver
88
if you have a poor liver function it can cause an accumulation of drug meaning
prolonged response
89
_____ metabolism can cause decreased drug effect
stimulated
90
Define excretion
elimination of drugs from the body
91
Primary organ responsible for excretion
Kidney
92
Primary organ for water soluble drugs
kidneys
93
____ function and ___ flow to the kidneys contribute to drug clearance
Renal function and blood flow
94
Define serum half-life
time required for the amount of the drug in the body to decrease by 50%
95
the half life of morphine is
3 hours
96
Define Pharmacokinetic
used to describe drug effects
97
Define onset
time to get a therapeutic response
98
Define peak
time to reach maximum
99
Define duration
time the drug is giving a therapeutic response
100
Peak is ___ after first dose.
1.5 hours
101
Trough is ___ prior to next dose
30 minutes
102
Peak and Trough determines
therapeutic level of the drug
103
What is the onset of Ibuprofen
30 minutes for analgesia one week for anti-inflammatory effect
104
what is the peak of ibuprofen
1-2 hours
105
What is the duration of ibuprofen
4-6 hours for analgesia or 1-2 weeks for anti-inflammatory effects
106
Define pharmacodynamics
what drugs does to body and how... also effects of drugs in the body both biochemical and physical
107
10 factors affecting drug effects
1. weight
2. age
3. gender
4. drug-drug interactions
4. drug-food interactions
6. genetics
7. psychological factors
8. dosage
9. route of administration
1. physiologic factors
108
a skin woman or a muscled man needs a higher dose?
Man
109
Drugs which are extensively metabolized through the ____ liver enzyme system is lots of drug interactions
CYP450
110
Define agonists
mimic the body's own regulatory molecules
111
Define antagonists
drugs that block actions of endogenous regulators
112
Antagonists ___ ___ to help treat overdose
block actions
113
Protagonist is drugs/actions/ interactions that increase the effect (agonist)
additive
114
Antagonist is drugs/ actions/ interactions that block the effect
block
115
Therapeutic index is
drugs with low therapeutic index are not safe.. measures the drugs safety
116
Define adverse drug reactions
unintended effect that occurs at normal drug dose
117
Adverse drug reactions can be ___ to ___ threatening
Mild to life
118
Define side effect
unavoidable drug effect at a therapeutic dose (predictable)
119
Define allergic reactions
an immune response.
120
5 geriatric considerations for gastric
1. gastric pH less acidic
2. gastric emptying slowed
3. GI motility slowed
4. blood flow decreased by 40-50%
5. surface area of villi decreased, thus decreasing absorption
121
Cardiac response in geriatrics
decreased cardiac output is decreased absoprtion
122
Gastrointestinal responses in geriatric considerations
altered absorption so increase pH(alkaline gastric secretions also decreased peristalsis so delayed gastric emptying
123
Hepatic metabolism in geriatric considerations
decreased enzyme production so metabolism is decreased
124
Renal response to geriatric considerations
decrease blood flow means decrease enzyme
125
5 geriatric considerations regarding protein
1. total body weight decreases
2. fat content increases
3. protein binding sites decrease making highly water soluble drugs will be in higher concentration
4. drugs distributed in fat will have prolonged effect
5. drugs highly protein bound will need dosage adjusted
126
Geriatric considerations regarding metabolism (3)
1. decreased liver enzymes
2. decreased liver metabolism due to decreased liver blood flow meaning prolonged drug half-life making prolonged drug action
3. will require drug interval adjustments
127
Geriatric considerations regarding excretion (3)
1. Decreased glomerular filtration rate
2. decreased nephrons
3. results in adjustment of doses.
128
Polypharmacy define, concerns and who is likely to have them
the prescription of multiple medications
increases the risk of drug interactions, adverse reactions, and hospitalization
a pt. receiving 5 medications has 50% chance of a drug interaction
a large concern in the elderly of those with multiple dose.
129
5 factors affecting pediatric drug dosages
1. skin is thin and permeable
2. stomach lacks acid to kill bacteria
3. lungs have weaker mucus barriers
4. body temperatures less well regulated, and dehydration occurs easily
5. liver and kidneys are immature, impairing drug metabolism and excretion
130
In pediatrics medications are given by ____
weight
131
always use weight in ____ not lbs.
kilograms
132
body weight dosage calculations uses:
mg/kg
133
5 catagories of pregnancy safety categories
1. Cat. A
2. Cat B
3. cat. C
4. Cat D
5. Cat X
134
Category A in pregnancy means
studies indicate no risk to the human fetus
135
Category B in pregnancy means
Studies indicate no risk to the animal fetus; information for humans is not available
136
Category C in pregnancy means
Adverse effects reported in the animal fetus; information for humans is not available
137
Category D in pregnancy means
Possible fetal risk in humans has been reported: however, in selected cases consideration of the potential benefit versus risk may warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women
138
Category X in pregnancy means
Fetal abnormalities have been reported, and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and /or human studies. These drugs are not to be used in pregnant women.
139
"Which phase of the nursing process requires the nurse to establish a comprehensive baseline of data concerning a particular patient?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation"
a
140
"The nurse monitors the fulfillment of goals, and may revise them, during which phase of the nursing process?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation"
d
141
The nurse prepares and administers prescribed medications during which phase of the nursing process? a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation"
c
142
When developing a plan of care, which nursing action ensures the goal statement is patient-centered?
a. Considering family input
b. Involving the patient
c. Developing the goal first, and then sharing it with the patient
d. Including the physician
b
143
The nurse includes which information as part of a complete medication profile? (Select all that apply.)
a. Use of “street” drugs
b. Current laboratory work
c. History of surgeries
d. Use of alcohol
e. Use of herbal products
f. Family history
a,d,e
144
During which phase of the nursing process does the nurse prioritize the nursing diagnoses?
a. Assessment
b. Planning
c. Implementation
d. Evaluation
b
145
The nurse is preparing to administer morning doses of medications to a patient and has just checked the patient’s name on the identification band. The patient has stated his name. Which is the nurse’s next appropriate action?
a. Administer the medications.
b. Ask the patient’s wife to verify the patient’s identity.
c. Ask the patient to verify his date of birth.
d. Check the chart for the patient’s date of birth
c
146
The nurse is administering a medication and the order reads: Give 250 mcg PO now. The tablets in the medication dispensing cabinet are in milligram strength. What is the right dose of the drug in milligrams? _______
0.25 mg
147
The nurse is administering a medication and the order reads: Give 0.125 mg PO now. The tablets in the medication dispensing cabinet are in microgram strength. What is the right dose of the drug in micrograms?
125 mcg
148
Placethestepsofthenursingprocessinorder,with (1) being the first step and (5) being the last step.
```
_____ a.Implementation
_____ b. Planning
_____ c.Evaluation
_____ d.Assessment
______ e. Formulation of nursing diagnoses
```
1. D
2. E
3. B
4. A
5. C
149
State if the following is either Objective or Subjective:
___ Ms. B. tells the nurse that she smokes a pack of cigarettes a day.
___ She is 5 feet 5 inches tall and weighs 135 pounds.
___ The nurse finds that Ms. B.’s pulse rate is 68 beats/min and her blood pressure is 128/72 mm Hg.
___ Her stool was tested for occult blood by a laboratory technician; the results were negative.
___ Ms. B. says that she does not experience nausea, but she reports pain and heartburn, especially after eating popcorn—something she and her husband have always done while watching TV before bedtime.
___ She experiences occasional increases in stomach pain, a “feeling of heat” in her abdomen and chest at night when she lies down, and increased incidents of heartburn
```
S
O
O
O
S
S
```
150
Identify the “Six Rights” of drug administration and specify ways to ensure that each of these rights is addressed
Right drug: Compare drug orders and medication
labels. Consider whether the drug is appropriate for that patient. Obtain information about the patient’s medical history and a thorough, updated medication history, including over-the-counter medications taken.
• Right dose: Check the order and the label on the medication, and check the “rights” at least three times before administering the medication. Re- check the math calculations for dosages and contact the physician when clarification is needed. Check the dose and confirm that it is appropriate for the patient’s age and size, and also check the prescribed dose against the available drug stocks and against the normal dosage range.
• Right time: Assess for a conflict between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs prescribed and the patient’s lifestyle and likelihood of compliance.
• Right route: Never assume the route of administration or change it; always check with the physi- cian or prescriber.
• Right patient: Check the patient’s identity before administering a medication. Ask for the patient’s name, and check the identification band or bracelet to confirm the patient’s name, identification number, and allergies. The Joint Commission requires the use of two patient identifiers, such as name and birthday, Social Security number, or medical record number.
• Right documentation: Record the date and time of medication administration, name of medication, dose, route, and site of administration. Don’t forget to document the patient’s response to the medication.
151
The following items will help in reviewing the nursing process:
Data are collected during the (a) ________________ phase of the nursing process.
Data can be classified as (b) _________________ or (c) _________________.
To formulate the nursing diagnosis, the nurse must first (d) ______________ the information collected.
The planning phase includes identification of (e) ________________ and (f) ________________.
The (g) _________________ phase consists of carrying out the nursing care plan.
The (h) _________________ phase is ongoing and includes monitoring the patient’s response to medication and determining the status of goals.
a. assessment
b. objective
c. subjective
d. analyze
e. goals
f .outcome criteria
g.implementation
h. evaluation
152
```
Number the following drug forms in order of speed of dissolution and absorption, with (1) being the fastest and (5) being the slowest:
_____ a. Capsules
_____ b.Enteric-coated tablets
_____ c. Elixirs
_____ d. Powders
_____ e.Orally disintegrating tablets
```
1. C
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B
153
When considering the various routes of drug elimination, the nurse is aware that elimination occurs mainly by which routes?
a. Renal tubules and skin
b. Skin and lungs
c. Bowel and renal tubules
d. Lungs and gastrointestinal tract
C
154
The nurse is aware that excessive drug dosages, impaired metabolism, or inadequate excretion may result in which drug effect?
a. Tolerance
b. Cumulative effect
c. Incompatibility
d. Antagonistic effect
B
155
Drug half-life is defined as the amount of time re- quired for 50% of a drug to:
a. be absorbed by the body.
b. reach a therapeutic level.
c. exert a response.
d. be removed by the body
D
156
The nurse recognizes that drugs given by which route will be altered by the first-pass effect? (Select all that apply.)
a. Oral
b. Sublingual
c. Subcutaneous
d. Intravenous
e. Rectal
A,C
157
If a drug binds with an enzyme and thereby prevents the enzyme from binding to its normal target cell, it will produce which effect?
a. Receptor interaction
b. Enzyme affinity
c. Enzyme interaction
d. Nonspecific interaction
C
158
The nurse is reviewing a list of a patient’s medica- tions, and notes that one of the drugs is known to have a low therapeutic index. Which statement accurately explains this concept?
a. The difference between a therapeutic dose and toxic dose is large.
b. The difference between a therapeutic dose and toxic dose is small.
c. The dose needed to reach a therapeutic level is small.
d. The drug has only a slight chance of being effective.
B
159
The nurse prepares to obtain a patient’s blood sample from a central line for a drug level that is to be drawn just before that medication’s next dose. What is the timing of this blood draw known as?
a. Half-life
b. Therapeutic level
c. Peak level
d. Trough level
D
160
A drug has a half-life of 4 hours. If at 0800 the drug level is measured as 200 mg/L, at what time would the drug level be 50 mg/L?
1600
161
Which physiologic factor is most responsible for the differences in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of drugs in neonates and adults?
a. Infant’s stature
b. Infant’s smaller weight
c. Immaturity of neonatal organs
d. Adult’s longer exposure to toxins
c
162
A woman who has just discovered that she is pregnant is asking the nurse about taking medications. The nurse keeps in mind that the greatest risk for drug-induced developmental defects occurs during which trimester of pregnancy?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. The risk is the same throughout pregnancy.
a
163
Most drug references provide recommended pediatric dosages based on which of the following?
a. Total body water content
b. Fat-to-lean mass ratio
c. Height
d. Body weighT
d
164
The nurse recognizes that drug dosages in older adults are based on which factor(s)?
a. More on age than on height or weight
b. On body weight and organ function
c. On the total body water content
d. On the strength of the drug
b
165
When giving medications to older adults, the nurse will keep in mind the changes that occur due to aging. Which statements regarding changes in the older patient are true? (Select all that apply.)
a. Fat content is increased.
b. Gastric pH is less acidic because of reduced hydrochloric acid production.
c. Protein albumin binding sites are reduced because of decreased serum protein.
d. Total body water content increases as body composition changes.
e. The absorptive surface area of the gastrointestinal tract is increased due to flattening and blunting of the villi.
a,b,c
166
A child is to receive a medication that is dosed as 8 mg/kg. The child weighs 40 kg. What is the dose of medication that the nurse will administer to this child?
320 mg
167
A toddler is to receive a daily dose of digoxin (Lanoxin) 2 mcg/kg/day IV. The toddler weighs 23 pounds. Calculate the amount of medication in milligrams that the toddler will receive.
0.21 ml
168
When reviewing drug classifications, the nurse knows that drugs classified as category C-I, which are to be dispensed “only with an approved protocol,” include which drugs?
a. Codeine, cocaine, and meperidine (Demerol)
b. Heroin, LSD, and marijuana
c. Phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, and
benzodiazepines
d. Cough preparations and diarrhea-control drugs
b
169
_____9. Category A
_____ 10 Category B
_____ 11. Category C
_____ 12. Category D
_____ 13. Category X
a. Possible fetal risk in humans is reported; however, consideration of potential benefit versus risk may, in selected cases, warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women.
b. Studies indicate no risk to animal fetuses; information for humans is not available.
c. Fetal abnormalities are reported, and positive evi- dence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies.
d. Studies indicate no risk to the human fetus.
e. Adverse effects are reported in animal fetuses; information for humans is not available
9. d
10. b
11. e
12. a
13. c
170
When a health care provider is writing a prescription for a drug, he or she is not permitted to mark a refill on the prescription if the drug falls into which category?
a. C-II
b. C-III
c. C-IV
d. C-V
a
171
The nurse is aware that the ethical principle of “Do no harm” is known by which name?
a. Autonomy
b. Beneficence
c. Confidentiality
d. Nonmaleficence
d
172
Which legal act required drug manufacturers to establish the safety and efficacy of a new drug before its approval for use?
a. Federal Food and Drugs Act of 1906
b. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
c. Kefauver-Harris Amendment of 1962 d. Durham-Humphrey Amendment of 1951
c
173
Which is the correct definition for placebo?
a. An investigational drug used in a new drug
study
b. An inert substance that is not a drug c. A legend drug that requires a prescription
d. A substance that is not approved as a drug but is used as an herbal product
b
174
The nurse is performing an admission assessment. Which finding is considered part of the cultural assessment?
a. The patient uses aspirin as needed for pain.
b. The patient has a history of hypertension.
c. The patient is allergic to shellfish.
d. The patient does not eat pork products for religious reasons.
d
175
While reviewing a newsletter about medications, the nurse notices that one drug has a new black box warning from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). What does this warning entail? (Select all that apply.)
a. The drug is about to be recalled by the FDA.
b. Serious adverse effects have been reported with
the use of this drug.
c. The drug can still be prescribed, but the warning is present to make sure that the prescriber is aware of the potential risks.
d. The drug manufacturer has refused to recall the medication, despite documented problems.
e. The drug cannot be prescribed.
b c
176
The nurse is assessing an unresponsive patient when a visitor enters the room. The visitor asks, “Oh, what happened to him? He was fine yesterday!” Which is the most appropriate response from the nurse?
a. “Sorry, but I am not allowed to tell you.”
b. “He had a stroke yesterday while in church, and there is little hope for him to recover.”
c. “You will need to speak to his physician about his condition.”
d. “Before I can give any information about him, I need to ask who you are. Let’s go outside the room and talk.”
d
177
The nurse is to administer ranitidine (Zantac) 150 mg IV. The available medication is ranitidine 25 mg/ mL. How many milliliters will the nurse administer?
6 ml
178
11. _____ Phase I
12. _____ Phase II
13. _____ Phase III
14. _____ Phase IV
a. A study using small numbers of volunteers who have the disease or disorder that the drug is meant to diagnose or treat. Subjects are monitored for drug effectiveness and adverse effects.
b. Postmarketing studies conducted by drug companies to obtain further proof of the drug’s therapeutic and adverse effects.
c. A study that involves a large number of patients at research centers designed to monitor for infrequent adverse effects and to identify any associated risks. Double-blind, placebo-controlled studies eliminate patient and researcher bias.
d. A study that uses small numbers of healthy volunteers, as opposed to volunteers with the target ailment, to determine dosage range and pharmacokinetics
d
a
c
b
179
_____ Asian
_____ Hispanic
_____ Native American
_____ African American
a. Some may seek a balance between the body and mind through the use of “cold” remedies or foods for “hot” illnesses, and vice versa.
b. Some may use folk medicine, protective bracelets, and laying on of hands.
c. Some believe that opposing forces lead to illness or health, depending on which force is dominant in the individual and whether the forces are balanced. Balance produces healthy states.
d. Some believe in the need for a balance among body, mind, and environment to maintain health and harmony with nature.
c
a
d
b
180
A(n) _________________ is defined as any preventable adverse drug event that involves inappropriate medication use by a patient or health care professional. It may or may not cause harm to the patient.
medication error
181
"A(n) _________________ reaction is defined as any abnormal and unexpected response to a medication, other than an allergic reaction, that is peculiar to an individual patient.
idiosyncratic
182
"A(n) _________________ is an immunologic reaction resulting from an unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication.
allergic reaction
183
"A(n) _________________ is a type of adverse drug event that is defined as any unexpected, unintended, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages.
adverse drug reaction
184
"A(n) _________________ is an undesirable occurrence related to administration of or failure to administer a prescribed medication.
adverse drug event
185
"True or false: High-alert medications are involved in more errors than other drugs. Explain your answer.
"False. High-alert medications are not necessarily
| involved in more errors than other drugs. However, the potential for patient harm is higher with these medications.
186
"True or false: High-alert medications are involved in more errors than other drugs. Explain your answer
"False. Adverse drug events include medication errors and adverse drug reactions.
187
Study of all interactions between drugs and living things is the definition of?
Pharmacology
188
True or False? All medications have the potential to alter more than one body function.
True
189
What is the most prevalent protein plasma and the most important of the proteins to which drugs bind?
Albumin
190
A,D,M,E is the abbreviation for?
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
191
Define: Absorption
Movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream from distribution to the tissue
192
Define: Bioavailability
measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route
193
Define: First Pass Effect
Initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the GI tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the blood stream. It reduces the bioavailability of the drug to less than 100% like many oral drugs.
194
True of False, Only injection drugs go through the First pass effect?
False, only ORAL drugs go through the first pass effect.
195
Define: Distribution
Transport of a drug by the blood stream to its site of action.
196
What are some areas of rapid distribution?
Heart, Liver, kidneys, brain
197
What are some areas of slow distribution?
Muscle, Skin, Fat
198
Blood brain barrier is?
hard for drugs to distribute in the brain due to this
199
Define: Metabolism/Biotransformation
Biochemical alteration of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound, a more potent active metabolite, or a less active metabolite
200
Another word for Warfarin?
Coumadin
201
When two drugs that are highly protein bound are given together, __________________?
the one with the lesser affinity will be more abundant in its free form.
202
Kidneys are the primary organ of Metabolism. True or False?
False, Liver is the primary organ for metabolism, Kidneys are the primary organs for excretion
203
Excretion means?
Elimination of drugs from the body
204
Time to get a therapeutic response is?
Onset
205
Time to reach maximum is?
Peak
206
Time the drug is giving a therapeutic response is?
Duration
207
What are the Pharmacokinetic terms to describe drug effects?
Onset, Peak, Duration
208
Peak is the ___ blood level and taken after trough ___ minutes before next dose.
highest, 30
209
Trough us the ___ blood level and taken ___?
Lowest, first
210
Order the drug absorption of various oral preparations from fastest to slowest.
1. Oral disintegration, buccal tablets, oral soluble wafers (Fastest)
2. Liquids, elixers, syrups
3. Suspension solutions
4. Powders
5. Capsules
6. Tablets
7. Coated Tablets
8. Enteric-coated tablets (Slowest)
