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PTAE 113 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

ATROPHY

A

DISUSE/DECREASE IN SIZE OF THE CELL

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2
Q

HYPERTROPHY

A

INCREASE IN SIZE OF CELLS

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3
Q

HYPERPLASIA

A

INCREASE NUMBER OF CELLS

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4
Q

HYPOPLASIA

A

DECREASE NUMBER OF CELLS

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5
Q

INVOLUTION

A

DECREASE NUMBER OF CELLS, BUT TO THE RETURN OF NORMAL SIZE (UTERUS AFTER PREGNANCY)

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6
Q

METAPLASIA

A

CHANGE IN CELLS (CANCER)

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7
Q

CLASSIFICIATION OF INFLAMMATION

A

ACUTE-1ST
SUBACUTE - 24-72 HRS AFTER
CHRONIC-WHEN PROCESS CONTINUES AFTER SHORT TIME (MONTHS, YEARS)

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8
Q

PHASES OF NORMAL WOUND HEALING

A

BLEEDING, INFLAMMATION, PROLIFERATION, MATURATION (REMODELING)

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9
Q

BLEEDING

A

BLOOD CLOT

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10
Q

INFLAMMATION

A

0-10 DAYS; IMMUNE SYSTEM REACTS TO INJURY; EDEMA, ERYTHEMA AND DRAINAGE CAN BE EXPECTED ; CAPILLARIES RELEASE HEALING BUILDING BLOCKS

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11
Q

PROLIFERATION

A

DAY 3 TO APPROX. DAY 20; NEW TISSUE FILLS IN THE WOUND (MYOFIBROBLASTS)

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12
Q

MATURATION (REMODELING)

A

DAY 9 UP TO 2 YEARS; REMODELING OF TISSUE

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13
Q

ARTERIAL WOUND

A

SITE-TOES, FOOT, ANKLE
EDGES-PUNCHED OUT & WELL DEFINED
APPEARANCE-COVERED W/SLOUGH & NECROTIC TISSUE
SIZE-SMALL
EXUDATE-LOW
PAIN-YES
CAN’T HEAL UNLESS BLOOD FLOW RETURNS; NO CAPILLARY REFILL TIME ON TOES OR NOT ABLE TO FEEL PULSE IN ANKLE

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14
Q

VENOUS WOUND

A 
SITE-MEDIAL GAITER REGION
EDGES-SLOPING & GRADUAL
APPEARANCE-COVERED WITH SLOUGH
SIZE-LARGE
EXUDATE-HIGH
PAIN-MINIMAL
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15
Q

LYMPHEDEMA

A

LYMPH SYSTEM PULLS FLUID OUT; AFTER CANCER SURGERY WHERE LYMPH NODES ARE REMOVED AND THUS THE EXTRA FLUID DOESN’T HAVE ANYWHERE ELSE TO GO

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16
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 1

A

NON BLANCHABLE ERYTHEMA; PROPER POSITIONING & TURNING CAN REPAIR; CAUSED BY LACK OF MOBILITY & MOISTURE (URINE/FECES)

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17
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 2

A

PARTIAL THICKNESS LOSS OF DERMIS PRESENTING AS A SHALLOW CRATER OR FLUID FILLED BLISTER

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18
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 3

A

FULL THICKNESS TISSUE LOSS. BONE, TENDON OR MUSCLE NOT EXPOSED (ONLY FAT LAYER)

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19
Q

PRESSURE ULCER STAGE 4

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A

FULL THICKNESS TISSUE LOSS WITH EXPOSED BONE, TENDON OR MUSCLE; WILL DIE SOON; NOT MUCH YOU CAN DO

20
Q

UNSTAGEABLE PRESSURE ULCER

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A

DEPTH OF ULCER IS OBSCURED BY SLOUGH OR ESCHAR

21
Q

SUSPECTED DEEP TISSUE INJURY

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A

DTI; PURPLE OR MAROON LOCALIZED AREA OF DISCOLORED INTACT SKIN OR BLOOD FILLED BLISTER DUE TO DAMAGE OF UNDERLYING TISSUE; CAN HAPPEN BEFORE IT’S OPENED UP; CAUSE LOSS OF BLOOD FLOW WHICH CAUSES TISSUE TO DIE UNDER SKIN; LET HEAL ON IT’S OWN; DON’T OPEN IT UP; CAN BE PAINFUL

22
Q

NEUROPATHIC WOUNDS

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A

ULCERATION IS USUALLY ON WEIGHT-BEARING SURFACES OF THE FOOT, ANESTHETIC, ROUND, OVER BONY PROMINENCES. BONES DISSOLVE; WALK ON SOMETHING (LIKE A NEEDLE) & DON’T KNOW IT.

23
Q

COMPLICATIONS TO DELAY HEALING

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A

CHRONIC INFLAMMATION (INFECTION); COMPROMISED IMMUNE SYSTEM; CIRCULATORY CONDITIONS (TOO MUCH H2O OUTSIDE CAUSES OSMOSIS); REINJURY; SMOKING; LOW IRON COUNT, LOCATION OF THE WOUND; INFECTIONS, AGE, NUTRITIONAL STATUS, MEDICATIONS, INTERFERENCE BY PATIENT, TEMPERATURE

24
Q

HEALING BY 1ST INTENTION

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A

FROM BED OF WOUND UP; HEALS INSIDE TO OUTSIDE; CLEAR/CLEAN MARGINS

25
HEALING BY 2ND INTENTION
SIDES INTO MIDDLE (LARGER WOUND); HAS A LOSS OF SKIN OR LOSS OF TISSUE (INCLUDES VENOUS STASIS ULCERS & PRESSURE ULCERS); TAKES LONGER
26
AUTOLYTIC
DRESSING ON WOUND & ENCOURAGE BODY TO CLEAR IT OUT (NATURAL PROCESS)
27
CHEMICAL/ENZYMATIC
CREAMS TO HELP CLEAN IT OUT
28
BIOSURGERY
MEDICAL MAGGOTS IN GAUZE TO CLEAN IT OUT-THEY ONLY EAT DEAD TISSUE
29
PTA & WOUND PATIENT
IDENTIFY WOUNDS, CHECK SKIN, NOTICE CHANGES (NOTIFY PT); PATIENT EDUCATION & PROBLEM SOLVING
30
3 GRADES OF LIGAMENT/TENDON STRAIN
GRADE 1-MICROTRAUMA LESS THAN 25% GRADE 2-25-99% GRADE 3-100% TEAR
31
PHASES OF HEALING -LIGAMENT/TENDON
INFLAMMATION-0-10 DAYS; BLOOD; SWELLING PROLIFERATION;4-8 WEEKS; FIBROBLASTS CREATING DENSE IRREGULAR TISSUE MATURATION; UP TO 1 YEAR; SHRINKS & BECOMES DENSE REGULAR TISSUE
32
PHASES IN BONE HEALING
INFLAMMATION-HEMATOMA FORMATION PROLIFERATION-FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS FORMATION & BONY CALLUS FORMATION MATURATION-BONY CALLUS FORMATION & BONE REMODELING
33
BONE HEALING INFO
* BONE HEALS THICKER (HARDER TO BREAK IN SAME PLACE * 6 WEEKS TO HEAL IN HEALTHY PERSON * BONY CALLUS FORMS ABOUT WEEK 4 * IF BONE EDGES ARE FURTHER APART OR IT'S NOT SPLINTED WELL OR NONUNION/MALUNION WILL DELAY HEALING & WILL TAKE LONGER THAN 6 WEEKS
34
BONE FRACTURES ARE DESCRIBED & CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:
TYPE; COMMUNICATION OR NONCOMMUNICATION WITH EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT; ANATOMIC LOCATION
35
TYPES OF FRACTURES
AVULSION-MOST COMMON ACL COMMINUTED-CRUSHED GREENSTICK-MOSTLY IN CHILDREN (1/2 BEND & 1/2 BREAK) IMPACTED-BONE CRUSHED INTO ITSELF (AKA BUCKLE FRACTURE) INTERARTICULAR-INTO JOINT LONGITUDINAL-ALONG DIAPHYSIS OF BONE OBLIQUE-ANGLED SPIRAL-SPIRAL UP SHAFT OF BONE TRANSVERSE-FORCE, STRAIGHT ACROSS (PARTIAL FRACTURE) STRESS FRACTURE-REPETITIVE STRESS (MICROTRAUMAS OVER TIME) MOST COMMON - CALCANEAL (BAREFOOT RUNNING)
36
CLASSIFICATION BY COMMUNICATION
OPEN FRACTURE: FROM WITHIN TO WITHOUT (BONE BREAKS SKIN) OR FROM WITHOUT TO WITHIN (KNIFE TO BONE) CLOSED FRACTURE: NO SKIN BROKEN
37
FRACTURE DESCRIBED & CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO:
APPEARANCE, POSITION & ALIGNMENT OF THE FRAGMENTS; CLASSIC NAMES; STABLE (ENDS NOT MOVING, INCOMPLETE, PERIOSTEUM INTACT) OR UNSTABLE (LOOSE, NEET TO BE CASTED, NON WEIGHT BEARING)
38
STABLE FRACTURES
OCCUR WHEN A PIECE OF THE PERIOSTEUM IS INTACT ACROSS THE FRACTURES; EXTERNAL OR INTERNAL FIXATION HAS RENDERED THE FRAGMENTS STATIONARY (COULD USE BOTH IF IT'S REALLY BAD)
39
UNSTABLE FRACTURES
GROSSLY DISPLACED; POOR FIXATION
40
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF A BROKEN BONE - WHAT ARE WE LOOKING FOR...
IMMEDIATE LOCALIZED PAIN; DECREASE FUNCTION; INABILITY TO BEAR WEIGHT OR USE AFFECTED PART; GUARDING (HOLDING CLOSE TO BODY); MAY OR MAY NOT SEE OBVIOUS BONE DEFORMITY
41
REPARATIVE PROCESS OF SELF-HEALING (UNION) OCCURS IN THE FOLLOWING STAGES:
1. FRACTURE HEMATOMA (D/T BLEEDING, EDEMA) 2. GRANULATION TISSUE-OSTEOID (3-14 DAYS POST INJURY 3. CALLUS FORMATION (MINERALS DEPOSITED IN OSTEOID) 4. OSSIFICATION (3 WKS-6 MTHS) 5. CONSOLIDATION (DISTANCE BETWEEN FRAGMENTS DECREASES-CLOSES) 6. REMODELING (UNION COMPLETED; REMODELS TO ORIGINAL SHAPE, STRENGTH)
42
CLOSED REDUCTION
NONSURGICAL, MANUAL REALIGNMENT (MORE SIMPLE FRACTURES)
43
OPEN REDUCTION
CORRECTION OF BONE ALIGNMENT THROUGH A SURGICAL INCISION (MORE CRAZY FRACTURES)
44
TRACTION
* APPLICATION OF PULLING FORCE TO ATTAIN REALIGNMENT (SKIN TRACTION 48-72 HRS; SKELETAL TRACTION LONGER PERIODS) * APPLICATION OF A PULLING FORCE TO AN INJURED PART OF THE BODY WHILE COUNTERTRACTION PULLS IN THE OPP DIRECTION.
45
EXTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION
METALLIC DEVICE COMPOSED OF PINS THAT ARE INSERTED INTO THE BONE AND ATTACHED TO EXTERNAL RODS PROTECT FROM INFECTION-CLEANING AREA WHERE ROD TRAVELS OUT TO IN
46
INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURE IMMOBILIZATION
* PINS, PLATES, INTRAMEDULLARY RODS & SCREWS | * SURGICALLY INSERTED AT THE TIME OF REALIGNMENT
47
PURPOSE OF TRACTION
PREVENT/REDUCE MUSCLE SPASM IMMOBILIZATION REDUCTION TREAT A PATHOLOGIC CONDITION

PTAE 113 CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (15 decks)

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