Chapter 1

Question 1

Life span perspective

Answer 1

That development is lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual. It involves growth, maintenance, and regulation… it is constructed through biological, sociocultural and individual factors working together

Question 2

Characteristics of lifespan – lifelong

Answer 2

Early childhood is not the endpoint of development… no age period dominated development

Question 3

Characteristics of lifespan – plastic

Answer 3

Plasticity = the capacity for change.

You change throughout experiences in your life

Question 4

Characteristics of lifespan – contextual

Answer 4

All development occurs within a context or setting

Question 5

Normative age-graded

Answer 5

similar for individuals in a particular age group

Question 6

normative history-graded influences

Answer 6

common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances

Question 7

non-normative life events

Answer 7

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual’s life

Question 8

Biological Processes

Answer 8

Changes in an individuals physical nature.

Genes from parents, development of brain, height and weight gain, exercise

Question 9

Cognitive

Answer 9

Changes in an individuals thoughts, intelligence, and language

Question 10

Age and Happiness

Answer 10

Research revealed that happiness increased with age

Question 11

Socioemotional

Answer 11

Changes in individuals relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

Question 12

Conceptions of Age

Answer 12

chronological age, biological age, psychological age, social age

Question 13

Developmental Issue – nature/nurture

Answer 13

Debate whether development is influenced by
Nature = organisms biological inheritance
Or
Nurture= environmental experiences

Question 14

Developmental Issue– stability/change

Answer 14

Debates whether we become older renditions of our early experiences (stability) or if we develop into someone different from who we were at childhood (change)

Question 15

Developmental Issue– continuity/ discontinuity

Answer 15

Debate on the extent to which development involves gradual change ( continuity or distinct - fast and abrupt stages (discontinuity)

Question 16

Theory

Answer 16

Summary info.. first impressions

Question 17

Hypothesis

Answer 17

educated guess ; if/then statements

Question 18

Freud’s theory

Answer 18

psychosexual stages… developed in the first 5 years in life

Question 19

Erickson’s theory

Answer 19

Develop in psychological stages, development occurs throughout the life NOT just the first 5 years.

There are 8 stages. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be solved.

(…. vs ….)

Question 20

Behavior and Social cognitive – Skinner

Answer 20

A behavior followed by a reward stimulus is more likely to recur.
Rewards and punishments shape development

Question 21

Behavior and Social cognitive – Bandura

Answer 21

Cognitive processes have important links with the environment and behavior.

Question 22

Microsystem

Answer 22

The setting where the person lives

Question 23

Mesosystem

Answer 23

Relations between Microsystems or connections between contexts

Question 24

Macrosystem

Answer 24

Involved the culture which they live

Question 25

naturalisitic observation

Answer 25

observing behavior in a real-world setting

Question 26

Surveys

Answer 26

Quickest and fast way to ask a big amount of people questions. Good questions are clear, and unbiased

Question 27

case studies

Answer 27

An in depth look at a single person

Question 28

independent variable

Answer 28

cause -- what happens in the study (helps us create the groups)

Question 29

dependent variable

Answer 29

effect -- outcome, data at the end

Question 30

experimental group

Answer 30

treatment group... gets the extra variable

Question 31

control group

Answer 31

comparison group-- the base line, the non treatment group

Question 32

cross-sectional study

Answer 32

study different aged people at the same point in time

Question 33

longitudinal study

Answer 33

the same group of people at different times during their lives ( very time consuming)

Question 34

representative sample

Answer 34

a small quantity of something that accurately reflects the larger entity

Question 35

random sampling

Answer 35

a subset of a statistical population in which each member of the subset has an equal probability of being chosen.

Question 36

Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 36

The view of psychologists who emphasize behavior, environment, and cognition as the key factors in development