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Chapter 1 Flashcards

Evolution and the Themes of Biology and Scientific Inquiry

1
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life

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2
Q

Discovery Science

A

Carefully observe and measure events

Use these specific observations and measurements to form a general principle

Inductive Reasoning

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3
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

Going from a specific observation to general principles

Discovery Science

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4
Q

Hypothesis-Based Science

A

Ask a question, often based on observation

Use general principles to propose an answer to a specific question

Deductive Reasoning

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5
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

Using general principles to answer specific questions

Hypothesis-Based Science

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6
Q

Scientific Method allows us to…about the world around us

A

Observe

Study

Make conclusions

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7
Q

Conclusions are…

a) always right
b) not always right

A

b) not always right

Many variables can have an effect
Proving the hypothesis incorrect is a result
Now you know what is not correct

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8
Q

Scientific Method (5)

A
  1. Observe
  2. Question
  3. Hypothesis
  4. Experiment
  5. Conclusion
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9
Q

Scientific Inquiry (example)

A

Mouse Coloration: Experiment to Test Hypothesis

Hypothesis:
The coloration of the beach mice and inland mice protect them from predation in their respective habitats

Experiment:
Painted mouse models and put them in the habitats
Next morning count damaged or missing models

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10
Q

Basic Characteristics of Life (7)

A
  1. Order
  2. Energy Processing
  3. Growth and Development
  4. Response to the Environment
  5. Reproduction
  6. Regulation
  7. Evolutionary Adaptation
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11
Q

Order (BCoL)

A

Uniform patterns
Not random

Cells - living

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12
Q

Energy Processing (BCoL)

A

Uses food to power activity

Life = energy from food

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13
Q

Growth and Development (BCoL)

A

Inherited information carried by genes

Parental units

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14
Q

Response to the Environment (BCoL)

A

Response to stimulus

Being poked

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15
Q

Reproduction (BCoL)

A

Reproduce their own kind

Human = human
Cat = cat
Dog = dog
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16
Q

Regulation (BCoL)

A

Maintain constant body temperature

Cellular functions

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17
Q

Evolutionary Adaptation (BCoL)

A

Adapt to habitat conditions

Gene frequency shifts

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18
Q

Organization of Biological Systems (10)

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Communities
  4. Populations
  5. Organisms
  6. Organs
  7. Tissues
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles
  10. Molecules

All living organisms are comprised of cells

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19
Q

Biosphere (OoBS)

A

All life on earth from mountains to ocean sediment

20
Q

Ecosystems (OoBS)

A

All living things in a particular area (forest, desert)

21
Q

Communities (OoBS)

A

Organisms inhabiting an ecosystem (herd of deer / deer population)

22
Q

Populations (OoBS)

A

All the individuals living in a specified area (groups of one individuals)

23
Q

Organisms (OoBS)

A

Individual living things (a deer)

24
Q

Organs (OoBS)

A

Parts that make up a living thing (deer anatomy)

25
Tissues (OoBS)
Make up organs
26
Cells (OoBS)
Fundamental unit of life | Everything is made of cells
27
Organelles (OoBS)
Chloroplasts, functional components of cells (nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria)
28
Molecules (OoBS)
Chemical structure making up everything (fats, chlorophyll)
29
Cells (2)
Prokaryotes | Eukaryotes
30
Prokaryotes
Most abundant DNA is not enclosed within a nucleus DNA usually arranged as one circular chromosome Lack membrane-enclosed organelles Single celled organisms Bacteria and Archaea
31
Eukaryotes
DNA is found in the nucleus Surrounded by a nuclear membrane DNA arranged as multiple chromosomes Membrane-enclosed organelles ``` Single celled or multicellular organisms Algae Protozoa Fungi Plants Animals ```
32
Genetic Information
Primarily contained in the DNA
33
Composition of DNA
Conserved in all organisms (all the same - structure / setup)
34
Genes
Genes encode proteins Proteins perform special functions in the cell Not all genes are expressed all the time Gene regulation Genetic diseases Too much / too little produced Nothing produced at all
35
Regulation of Internal Processes
Negative Feedback | Positive Feedback
36
Negative Feedback (RoIP)
Stimulus A leads to outcome B, which reduces A
37
Positive Feedback (RoIP)
Reaction X leads to Y which stimulates X
38
Classifying Life
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
39
Bacteria (CL)
Prokaryotic cells Contains most known pathogenic organisms Membranes composed of unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages Contains peptidoglycan (only in bacteria) No membrane bound nucleus Single chromosome
40
Archaea (CL)
Prokaryotic cells Found in extreme environments Volcanic hot springs Deep sea hydrothermal vents Originally grouped with bacteria No peptidoglycan Unique enzymes
41
Eukarya (CL)
More complex than bacteria / archaea Membrane bound organelles Genetic material contained within the nucleus Larger in size (larger than bacteria) Single and multicellular organisms Can have multiple chromosomes No peptidoglycan 4 Domains
42
Domain (4)
1. Plantae Trees 2. Fungi Mushrooms 3. Animalia Dogs 4. Protists Amoeba
43
Organisms further classified into smaller and smaller groups (8)
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species *Ursus - bear*
44
Evolution
Change in genetic composition of a population over time Darwin's contribution to Evolutionary Theory
45
Darwin's Contribution
Published The Origin of Species in 1859 Two main concepts 1. Species arose from a succession of different ancestors Descent with Modification 2. Primary cause of descent with modification Natural Selection
46
Natural Selection
Population with varied inherited traits Elimination of individuals with certain traits Reproduction of survivors Increasing frequency of traits enhance survival

General Biology (7 decks)

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