Chapter 1 Flashcards
Characteristics of Skills and Stages of Learning (55 cards)
What is a skill?
Defined as the ability to do something well.
What is a motor skills?
“a voluntary, goal directed activity that we learn through practise and experience. Motor skills are a special form of skill that require movement of the body or limbs to achieve the goal”.
Movement skills are often categorised as:
Movement precision
Type of movement
Predictability of the environment
Fundamental movement skills
Movement precision skills are classified as:
Gross motor skills & fine motor skills
Gross Motor Skills:
Involve the recruitment of large muscle groups and less emphasis on precision.
Examples include running, kicking a football, walking, jumping and swimming.
Fine Motor Skills:
Involves the recruitment of smaller muscles associated with movements requiring precision.
Examples include bouncing the ball before serving in tennis, dart throwing, latching (babies), using a knife and fork, typing and writing.
Why is movement of precision measured on a continuum?
Many motor skills are largely gross movements with fine elements. Thus, movement precision is measured on a continuum.
Types of movement:
Discrete
Serial
Continuous
Discrete Motor Skills:
Skills having a distinct beginning and end. Examples include: -a chest pass in netball -basketball free throw -handball in footy.
Serial Motor Skills:
Several discrete skills performed in a sequence.
Examples include:
-a dance routine
-tumble turn (turn, touch, release, dive)
-tennis serve (hit, behind, jump)
-basketball layup (dribble, step, jump, shot-release)
Continuous Motor Skills:
Skills that have no distinct beginning or end.
Examples include:
-running
-cycling
(continuous movement that doesn’t refer to an event such as a 400m race/event)
Predictability of the environment
closed motor skills
open motor skills
Closed Motor Skills
Performer has greatest control over their environment
Example: indoor diving (no weather, no opposition)
Open Motor Skills
Performed in an environment where the performer has very little control over their environment
Example: white water rafting or outdoor tennis match
Fundamental Movement Skills
Foundation skills that provide the basis for the development of sport specific skills
Key fundamental movement skills include:
Stability Skills
Locomotor Skills
Manipulative Skills
Stability Skills
Involving balance and control of the body
Example: balance/twisting
Locomotor Skills
Enable us to move through space
Example: running/jumping
Manipulative Skills
Involving control over an object
Example: catching/throwing
Sport Specific Skills
Skills that are specified to a sport
Developed fundamental skills that are advanced
Why is the development of fundamental skills crucial?
Especially from a young age as it enables people to develop sport specific skills without difficulty
What are the three stages of learning?
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive Stage
- beginners, trying to understand movement patterns
- will have to think about their movements and their performance will be inconsistent and stiff
- unable to detect errors and will ask a lot of questions
Associative Stage
- the stage of refining technique, not thinking about action
- focuses on external stimuli eg weather, opposition
- able to cope with feedback and able to detect errors, whilst developing strategies to reduce errors
