Chapter 1 Flashcards
five qualities of life
- all living beings are made of cells
- Reproduction
- Energy/metabolism. Gibbs free energy.
Delta G = delta H – T delta S
H=enthalpy
S= entropy = disorder. Increasing s= increasing disorder.
G= energy - DNA-genetic material
- evolution
original thing that formed
fat bubble. Inside there was rna and proteins (prob common ancestor)
DOGMA
dna->rna->protein. It is wrong bc of retroviruses can go from RNA to DNA.
Transcription: DNA->RNA.
Retrotranscription: RNA->DNA.
We have to do replication first
problems at the ends: telomeres (non coding dna at end of chromosomes. It’s protection at ends from degradation. When telomeres degrade, you age faster and die)
water
our bodies: 70% water, 30% chemicals (rna, dna)
all biological beings made up of
drive formation of life on earth
CHON
molecules are
sugars, amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids (covalently attached atoms)
sugars, amino acids, nucleotides can be put together into _____ using _____
macromolecules
covalent and non covalent bonds
sugar—>
carbohydrates
amino acids –>
proteins
nucleotides —>
nucleic acids
lipids –>
phospholipids
macromolecules can form into
macromolecular assemblies. ex. ribosome. (made up of rRNAs and rNPS).
if two atoms are too close:
if two atoms are too far:
nuclei repel each other
no attraction
if delta S is positive=
negative delta G. spontaneous reaction.
negative delta S-
going toward more order.
what are the non-covalent interactions?
- ionic
- H bonding
- Van der waals
- hydrophobic force
Van der Waals
there is optimal distance between atoms where the attraction/repulsion is just right.
hydrophobic force
nonpolar tend to stay together and stay away from water.
polar likes
polar. loves water.
amphiphilic or amphipathic
molecules that go both ways.
four families of carbon compounds
sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides
sugars or carbohydrates formula
(CH20)n. covalent bonds storing energy.
beta 1,4 glycosidic linkage
we cant break these down. part of chitin or cellulose.
