CHAPTER 1

Question 1

what does the word fossil mean?

Answer 1

dug up

Question 2

four main functions of bones.

Answer 2

• resist gravity and maintain animals form.
• provide a rigid framework for muscle attachment
• provide protection and can be major robust weapons like horns
• store mineral reserves, like calcium, when resources are scares, the minerals can be reabsorbed.

Question 3

what do vertebrates have?

Answer 3

have a skull and vertebrae

Question 4

what’s the skull made up off?

Answer 4

many one plates the are tightly locked.

Question 5

what is the rear portion of the skull called, and what does it do?

Answer 5

the brain case. is houses the brain.

Question 6

nares

Answer 6

pair of opening for the nostrils

Question 7

orbits

Answer 7

pair off opening for the eyes in the skull.

Question 8

what are additional openings in the skull called?

Answer 8

fenestrae

Question 9

fenestrae in the sides of skull

Answer 9

latertemporal fenestrae

Question 10

fenestrae on the top of the skull

Answer 10

supratemporal fenestrae

Question 11

skull openings between the orbits and the naris

Answer 11

antorbital fenestrae

Question 12

what do the laterotemporal and supra temporal fenestrae do?

Answer 12

they provide extra room for large jaw muscles

Question 13

above the _____ is the _______, which covers the ______

Answer 13

• centrum
• neural arch
• neural canal

Question 14

what are neural canals

Answer 14

the openings in each vertebrae, through which the spinal nerves run.

Question 15

transverse processes

Answer 15

extend from the lateral sides of the vertebrae

Question 16

spinous processes

Answer 16

extend upwards from the neural arch

Question 17

vertebrae in the neck

Answer 17

cervical vertebrae

Question 18

what do vertebrae in the neck do?

Answer 18

have large openings for blood and nerve channels and are adapted to support the weight of an animal’s head.

Question 19

vertebrae in the back

Answer 19

dorsal vertebrae

Question 20

vertebrae in the hip

Answer 20

sacral vertebrae

Question 21

vertebrae in the tail

Answer 21

caudal vertebrae

Question 22

bones underneath caudal vertebrae

Answer 22

chevrons

Question 23

what do chevrons do?

Answer 23

protect a large blood and nerve channel and provide support for tail muscles

Question 24

small ribs positioned across a dinosaurs underbelly

Answer 24

gastralia

Question 25

tetrapods

Answer 25

means four feet

Question 26

largest bone on each side of the pectoral girdle.

Answer 26

scapula or shoulder blade

Question 27

what bones compose the pelvic girdle

Answer 27

- ilium - ischium - pubis

Question 28

ilium

Answer 28

upper hip bone called the ilium. the sacral vertebrae are fused to the ilium.

Question 29

what is below the ilium

Answer 29

pubis and ischium

Question 30

pubis

Answer 30

positioned in front of the ischium,

Question 31

ischium

Answer 31

positioned behind the pubis

Question 32

bone between the shoulder and the elbow, largest bone in the fore limbs

Answer 32

humerus

Question 33

between the elbow and wrist are two parallel bones

Answer 33

radius and ulna, the radius is the thinner one.

Question 34

bones in the wrist

Answer 34

carpals

Question 35

bones between the wrist and finders

Answer 35

metacarpals

Question 36

finger bones

Answer 36

phalanges

Question 37

the bone between the hip and knee

Answer 37

femur

Question 38

bones between the knee and ankle

Answer 38

fibula and tibia, fibula is the thinner one.

Question 39

bones in the ankle

Answer 39

tarsals

Question 40

bones between the ankle and toes

Answer 40

metatarsals

Question 41

bones in the toes

Answer 41

phalanges

Question 42

two major groups of dinosaurs

Answer 42

saurischian and ornithischian

Question 43

saurischian dinosaurs

Answer 43

have a pubis that extends downwards and forwards

Question 44

ornithischian dinosaurs

Answer 44

have a pubis extended downwards and backwards. also have a spacial beak-forming bone. mainly herbivores

Question 45

lizard hipped

Answer 45

saurischian

Question 46

bird hipped

Answer 46

ornithischian

Question 47

two major groups of saurischian dinosaurs

Answer 47

sauropodomorphs and theropods

Question 48

early group of sauropodomorphs and were the first group of large bodied herbivores

Answer 48

prosauropods

Question 49

sauropods

Answer 49

a larger group of sauropodomorphs

Question 50

theropods

Answer 50

bipedal saurischian dinosaurs.

Question 51

five major groups of ornithischians

Answer 51

- ornithopods - pachycephalosaurs - ceratopsians - stegosaurs - ankylosaurs

Question 52

osteoderms

Answer 52

bones that develop within the skin

Question 53

melanosomes

Answer 53

pigment cells within a feather

Question 54

how do you get black and grey colours

Answer 54

long and narrow melanosomes

Question 55

how do you get brown and reddish colours

Answer 55

short and wide melanosomes

Question 56

how do you get white colors

Answer 56

no melanosomes

Question 57

how to get iridescence or glossiness colors

Answer 57

narrow melanosomes that are aligned in the same directions

Question 58

why are vertebrates more numerous when it comes to species of large animals, especially on land.

Answer 58

This success is probably related to the vertebral column’s ability to passively support weight and to anchor enlarged muscles.

Question 59

which bone forms the shin?

Answer 59

The Tibia.

Question 60

predentary

Answer 60

special beak-forming bone in the upper jaw.

Question 61

Ornithopods

Answer 61

wide range of dinosaurs that lack amor and either walked bipedally all the time or assumed a bipedal stance when running. (iguanodons and hadrosaurs)

Question 62

hadrosaurs

Answer 62

had elaborate crests and dental batteries.

Question 63

Iguanodons

Answer 63

large ornithopod with spike-shaped claw on each hand.

Question 64

pachycephalosaurs

Answer 64

- biped with short arms, unusually stout and strong tails and armoured skulls. - Have Sharpe conical teen in the font of their mouths behind their beaks and leaf-shaped teeth in the rear

Question 65

ceratopsians

Answer 65

- evolved late - had parrot like beaks and skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear. - expansion takes large boney frill. - had dental batteries. were quadrupedal and short tails.

Question 66

stegosaurs

Answer 66

- quadrupedal - rows of osteoderms on either back or tails. - shorter forelimbs than hindlimbs. - can't turn but can pivot.

Question 67

Ankylosaurs

Answer 67

- heavily armoured - quadrupedal - backs and skulls covered in osteoderms. - short snouts, broader rounded beaks.

Question 68

Integument

Answer 68

body covering such as feather or quills.

Question 69

why is rare t find skin fossilized?

Answer 69

BECUASE IT DECAYS ALOT FASTER

Question 70

what was the first mummy and what did it show?

Answer 70

first one was a hadrosaur and scales that changed shape in different regions of the body.

Question 71

keratin

Answer 71

tough but flexible material that forms feathers, fingernails, hair, claws, beaks, and horns.

Question 72

why did the feathers become preserved ion china?

Answer 72

because it was suddenly buried by extremely fine ash from a volcano.

Question 73

hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for ______ rather then______

Answer 73

hypothesized that osteoderms of sauropods were more for mineral reserves rather than protection.

Question 74

how can we study bones because they don't fossilize?

Answer 74

study the bones which muscle use as a framework to attach.