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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

protozoan

A

a single-celled microscopic animal

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2
Q

metazoan

A

a multicellular animal

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3
Q

nerve net

A

a system of interconnected neurons found in jellyfish and related animals

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4
Q

cellular differentiation

A

the process by which individual cells in an organism become progressively more specialized and different from one another

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5
Q

epigenesis

A

here, the process in which successively more, and successively more complex, body structures appear in development

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6
Q

cells

A

the basic building blocks of life

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7
Q

preformationism

A

the notion that all the structures of an individual are present in microscopic form at conception, so development consists of simple growth of structures already present

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8
Q

embryo

A

the earliest stage of development of a new individual, typically a spherical collection of cells

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9
Q

ontogeny

A

the process of individual development; growing up and growing old

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10
Q

fetus

A

a stage of development reached once major organs and body parts are in place

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11
Q

modern synthesis

A

the fusion of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection with Mendel’s notion that genes represent discrete units of inheritance that are passed on either whole or not at all

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12
Q

gene

A

a stretch of DNA that represents a functional unit of inheritance, specifying the structure of one or more proteins

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13
Q

genotype

A

the total genetic makeup of an individual, typically determined at conception

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14
Q

phenotype

A

the sum total of physical characteristics that an individual displays at a particular time

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15
Q

structural portion of the gene

A

the portion of DNA in a gene that encodes for a particular sequence of amino acids and therefore a particular protein

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16
Q

regulatory portion of the gene

A

the stretches of DNA adjacent to the structural gene, which play a role in regulating transcription of that gene

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17
Q

promoter region

A

the regulatory region that tends to be upstream from the structural gene

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18
Q

enhancer region

A

the regulatory region that may be upstream or downstream of the structural gene, which plays a role in controlling transcription of that gene

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19
Q

transcription factors

A

proteins that bind to DNA and regulate the extent to which genes are expressed

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20
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

a microscopic roundworm that offers a valuable model of cell differentiation

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21
Q

hermaphrodite

A

an individual capable of reproducing as either a male (producing sperm) or female (producing ova)

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22
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg; the single cell that will divide and grow to form a new individual

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23
Q

mitotic lineage

A

the sequence of mitosis during ontogeny that gives rise to a particular cell in an individual. In C. elegans there is an invariant relationship between mitotic lineage and cell fate

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24
Q

fate

A

here, the particular structure and function that a given cell takes on in the course of cellular differentiation

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25
mosaic specification of fate
a strategy of cellular differentiation in which each cell follows a particular fate no matter what neighboring cells might be doing
26
commitment
here, the tendency of a cell to take on a particular fate even in the face of particular challenges. Its meaning is restricted to only those challenges that have been tested.
27
maternal effect
influences the mother has on ontogeny of offspring apart from the particular genes she contributed
28
SKN-1
a transcription factor in C. elegans that is more concentrated at one end of an egg or zygote, which will give rise to the posterior half of the individual
29
pharynx
the tube lining the mouth that connects to the rest of the digestive system
30
unc-86
a gene in C. elegans that encodes the protein unc-86, which directs certain late-dividing cells to become touch receptor neurons
31
mec-3
a gene in C. elegans that encodes the protein mec-3, which binds to the protein unc-86. The two proteins together regulate expression of genes important for differentiation into a touch receptor neuron
32
dimer
a complex of two proteins that bind together to form a function unit
33
blastula
the earliest stage of an embryo, typically a spherical clump of cells
34
blastomeres
the individual cells that make up a blastula
35
blastocoel
the hollow, fluid-filled cavity inside a blastula
36
gastrula
an embryo that has formed a primitive gut, a tube that passes through the embryo
37
gastrulation
the process by which a blastula becomes a gastrula; the formation of a primitive gut
38
blastopore
a small dimple on the surface of a blastula that will invaginate to start forming the primitive gut
39
germ layers
here, the three layers of cells formed in the course of gastrulation
40
ectoderm
the outermost of the three germ layers
41
endoderm
the innermost of the three germ layers
42
mesoderm
the germ layer that forms between the ectoderm and endoderm
43
inner cell mass
in mammals, the clump of cells found inside the blastula, which will give rise to the individual's body. the remainder of the blastula will contribute to the placenta and related tissues
44
amphibian ectoderm forms:
outer surface (epidermal cells of skin), central nervous system (neuron), neural crest (pigment cell, melanocyte)
45
amphibian mesoderm forms:
notochord, bone tissue, tubule cell of the kidney, red blood cells, muscle
46
amphibian endoderm forms:
stomach cell, thyroid cell, lung cell
47
primitive streak
the beginnings of the nervous system in the vertebrate embryo, marking the midline of the developing individual
48
node
here, the anterior-most portion of the primitive streak, which will give rise to the brain
49
neural plate
the earliest stage in the development of the vertebrate nervous system from the ectoderm
50
neural tube
the early, tube-shaped stage of vertebrate nervous system development
51
notochord
an embryonic rod-shaped structure that is derived from mesodermal tissue in all vertebrates
52
neural crest
a collection of ectodermal cells that break away from the developing neural tube to lie sandwiched between the tube and overlying ectoderm
53
epidermis
skin tissue, derived from ectodermal cells that do not become neural tissue
54
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and spinal cord in vertebrate species, derived from the neural tube
55
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the entire nervous system other than the central nervous system; it includes the enteric and autonomic nervous system. it is derived from neural crest cells
56
neurula
an embryo that has begun forming a nervous system, typically after the completion of gastrulation
57
neurulation
the process in which an embryo transitions from gastrula to neurula
58
self-regulation
also known simply as 'regulation.' here, the process by which embryos manage to compensate for missing or damaged cells and nevertheless produce an entire individual
59
totipotency
total potency; the ability of early embryonic cells to differentiate into any type of cell in the individual
60
embryonic stem cells
cells found in embryos that display totipotency
61
conditional specification of cell fate
the developmental strategy in which each cell's fate depends on environmental conditions, primarily the fate of neighboring cells
62
cell-cell interactions
here, the process by which developing cells communicate with one another and direct each other's fate
63
transgene
a gene that has been artificially introduced into a model organism
64
chimera
here, an individual made up of cells displaying more than one genotype, formed from the combination of cells from two separate zygotes
65
transgenic
referring to an organism in which foreign DNA has been deliberately inserted
66
CRISPR
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats. A system of gene manipulation that evolved in single-celled organisms and is exploited by scientists for gene editing.
67
knockout
Here, an animal in which a particular gene has been deliberately removed or disabled
68
induction
here, the process by which one group of cells directs the differentiation of other, nearby cells
69
dorsal lip of the blastopore
an embryonic region of the blastopore that can induce the development of a second nervous system, and therefore a second individual from an embryo
70
organizer
here, a hypothesized signal from the dorsal lip of the blastopore that induces formation of a nervous system
71
Xenopus laevis
the African clawed frog, a valuable vertebrate model species
72
noggin
a gene that encodes the protein nogging, which exerts an organizer-like effect on ectoderm, shifting it from an epidermal to a neural fate
73
chordin
a gene that encodes the protein chordin, which exerts an organizer-like effect on ecotderm, shifting it from an epidermal to a neural fate
74
follistatin
a gene that encodes the protein follistatin, which exerts an organizer-like effect on ectoderm, shifting it from an epidermal to a neural fate
75
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
a class of growth factors that act to encourage ectodermal cells to take on an epidermal, rather than a neural fate. It is part of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family
76
TGF-beta receptors
a class of receptors that bind transforming growth factors, including BMP
77
beta-catenin
a transcription factor that plays a role in several stages of neural development
78
Drosophila melanogaster
the common fruit fly, a valuable model organism for studies of genetics and cellular differentiation
79
proneural genes
a collection of genes that tend to be expressed in cells that will go on to differentiate into neurons and glia
80
achaete-scute complex (AS-C)
the complex of proneural gene products that bind together and serve as transcription factors to direct early differentiation into neurons
81
sog
a gene that encodes the protein sog, an insect homologue of chordin, which blocks BMP signaling to direct ectodermal cells to differentiate into a neural, rather than epidermal fate
82
dpp
the gene decapentaplegic, which encodes the protein dpp, an insect homologue of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), which induces ectodermal cells to an epidermal, rather than a neural fate
83
delamination
here, the process by which one cell in a cluster of proneural gene-expressing cells detaches from the sheet of neighboring cells to enter the insect body interior. the cell then differentiates into a neuroblast
84
neuroblast
a cell that will divide to produce neural cells
85
Notch
a membrane-bound protein that binds to Delta found on the surface of adjoining cells
86
Delta
a membrane-bound protein that binds to Notch found on the surface of adjoining cells. Delta directs that target cell away from a neural fate and toward an epidermal fate
87
Enhancer of split, or E(spl)
a protein that dimerizes to a Notch fragment. Together they suppress proneural gene expression
88
lateral inhibition
the process by which neighboring cells in a tissue layer inhibit one another, as in the competition between ectodermal cells for a neural fate that is mediated by the Delta-Notch system

Neural Development (3 decks)

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