Chapter 1

Question 1

Causality

Answer 1

The cause-and-effect relationship between variables.

Question 2

Demand characteristics

Answer 2

The case of factors affecting the motivational state of participants during studies which may make the observed behavior unnatural.

Question 3

Evaluation

Answer 3

Research involving systematic appraisal of organisations,processes or programs leading to feedback on improvement or performance.

Question 4

Experimentation

Answer 4

A research approach in which attempts are made to identify causal relationships among variables under controlled conditions.

Question 5

Falsifiability

Answer 5

Popper’s (1959) assertion that the scientific method is ultimately based on our ability to prove an assertion is false (by finding a counterexample to it), but not to prove one is true.

Question 6

Introspection

Answer 6

The consideration of the contents of one’s mind, and the reports of that consideration. Example of an introspective technique - a verbal protocol.

Question 7

Quantitative research

Answer 7

Research which seeks to make measurements as distinct from qualitative research.

Question 8

Self-report

Answer 8

The gathering of data by having the participants report on their own behavior or thought; a research technique used to study problem solving and knowledge representation, including methods such as verbal protocols, self-ratings and focused diary keeping.