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CSCS Vocab & Concepts > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

axial skeleton

A

central upper body. (skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum)

no limbs

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2
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pelvis & limbs

everything that isn’t central upper body

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3
Q

fibrous joints

characteristics

A

no movement

ex. skull sutures

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4
Q

cartilaginous joints

characteristics

A

limited movement

ex. vertebral disks

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5
Q

synovial joints

characteristics

A

allow high movement

low friction

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6
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

covers ends of articulating bones in synovial joints

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7
Q

synovial fluid

A

fills the capsule around synovial joints to aid low friction movement

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8
Q

uniaxial joint

characteristics

A

moves on one axis

ex. elbow

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9
Q

biaxial joint

characteristics

A

movement on 2 perpendicular axes

ex. wrist, ankle

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10
Q

multiaxial joint

characteristics

A

movement in all 3 axes

ex. hip, shoulder

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11
Q

vertebral column

characteristics

A

7 cervical (neck)

12 thoracic (upper & middle back)

5 lumbar (lower back)

5 sacral (fused) (back of pelvis)

3-5 coccygeal

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12
Q

epimysium

A

outside covering of muscle

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13
Q

bone periosteum

A

outside covering of bone

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14
Q

tendon

A

end of muscle that attaches to bone periosteum

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15
Q

proximal attachment of muscle

definition

A

closer to trunk

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16
Q

distal attachment of muscle

definition

A

further from trunk

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17
Q

superior attachment of muscle

definition

A

closer to head

further from feet

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18
Q

inferior attachment of muscle

A

closer to feet

further from head

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19
Q

muscle fiber

A

muscle cell

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20
Q

muscle fiber characteristics

A

many nuclei

long

cylindrical

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21
Q

fascicle

A

bundle of muscle fibers

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22
Q

perimysium

A

outside covering of muscle fascicle

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23
Q

endomysium

A

outside covering of muscle fiber

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24
Q

sarcolemma

A

membrane of muscle fiber (muscle cell)

covers endomysium

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25
Q

motor neuron

A

nerve cell that innervates muscle fibers

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26
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

meeting spot of motor neuron and muscle fiber

each fiber has it’s own

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27
Q

motor unit

A

a motor neuron and all its fibers

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28
Q

sarcoplasm

characteristics

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

has contractile proteins, other proteins, fats, mitochondria, enzymes, sarcoplasmic reticulum, etc.

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29
Q

myofibril

A

made of myofilaments arranged into sarcomeres

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30
Q

myofilament

A

actin

myosin

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31
Q

actin

A

thin myofilament

(actin particles in double helix arrangement.
troponin at intervals & tropomyosin in groove)

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32
Q

myosin

characteristics

A

thick myofilament

fibrous tail, hinge, globular head

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33
Q

crossbridge

A

the meeting of the myosin head with the actin filament

number of crossbridges dictates force production

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34
Q

sarcomere

A

contractile unit of muscle

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35
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

system of tubes in muscle fiber that stores calcium ions in vescicles

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36
Q

t-tubules

A

run perpendicular to sarcoplasmic reticulum to deliver calcium ions to depths of muscle fiber

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37
Q

action potential

A

electrical nerve impulse leading to contraction

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38
Q

sliding filament theory

A

myosin pulls actin in toward middle of sarcomere

39
Q

troponin

A

high affinity to calcium ions. found on actin filament. shifts when calcium is released.

40
Q

tropomyosin

A

in double helix of actin filament

shifts when troponin shifts allowing for strong crossbridge.

41
Q

power stroke

A

pulling action of myosin heads

42
Q

acetylcholine

A

neurotransmitter that diffuses across the neuromuscular junction when action potential arrives and excites the sarcolemma (releasing calcium)

43
Q

all-or-none principle

A

all fibers in a motor unit contract. not just some

44
Q

twitch

A

brief contraction from each action potential

45
Q

tetanus

A

maximal fusion of twitches

46
Q

muscle spindle

A

proprioceptor causing contraction when muscle is stratched

47
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

proprioceptor causing relaxation when too much tension in muscle

48
Q

atrium

A

heart chamber. receives blood from body (right) and lungs (left). delivers blood to ventricles

49
Q

ventricle

A

receives blood from atria. delivers blood to body (left) and lungs (right)

50
Q

tricuspid valve

A

an AV (1 of 2 atrioventricular valves) between right atrium & ventricle

51
Q

mitral valve (bicuspid)

A

an AV (atrioventricular valve) between left atrium & ventricle

52
Q

systole

A

ventricular contraction

53
Q

diastole

A

ventricular relaxation

54
Q

aortic valve

A

1 of 2 semilunar valves between aorta and left ventricle

55
Q

pulmonary valve

A

1 of 2 semilunar valves between pulmonary artery and right ventricle

56
Q

sinoatrial node (SA)

function, location

A

pacemaker. initiates rhythmic electric pulse. immediately spreads to atria

upper lateral wall of right atrium

57
Q

atrioventricular node (AV)

function, location

A

delays impulse from SA node slightly

posterior septal wall of right atrium

58
Q

atrioventricular bundle (AV)

A

conduction fibers that send electrical impulse from AV node to ventricles via left and right bundle fibers

59
Q

left bundle branch

A

splits off from AV bundle and conducts impulse deep into left ventricle

60
Q

right bundle branch

A

splits off from AV bundle and conducts impulse deep into right ventricle

61
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

splits off from L&R bundle branches. completely penetrates ventricles and takes electric impulse even deeper

62
Q

sympathetic nervous system

effect on heart

A

Raise heart rate (accelerates depolarization rate of the SA node)

63
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

Lowers heart rate (SA node discharge rate)

64
Q

brachycardia

A

less than 60 beats/min

65
Q

tachycardia

A

more than 100 beats/min

66
Q

ECG - electrocardiogram

A

graphical representation of the heart’s electrical activity

67
Q

depolarization

A

electrical stimulus that causes contraction

inside of membrane (- –> +)
outside of membrane (+ –> -)

68
Q

P-Wave

A

shows depolarization in atrial muscle cells

69
Q

QRS complex

A

shows ventricular depolarization

atrial repolarization is obscured, but occurs here as well

70
Q

T-wave

A

Shows ventricular repolarization

71
Q

arterial system

A

blood away from heart

72
Q

venous system

A

blood towards heart

73
Q

arterioles

A

branches of arteries that regulate blood flow to capillaries

74
Q

capillaries

A

site of exchange of oxygen, fluids, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, etc. between blood and body tissues

75
Q

venules

A

collect blood from (and contiguous with) capillaries. turns into veins

76
Q

hemoglobin

function, location

A

iron-protein that transports oxygen

also, regulates a hydrogen ion concentration

hemoglobin is found in red blood cells

77
Q

repolarization

A

recovery from state of depolarization (t-wave)

78
Q

trachea

A

first generation respiratory passage.

initial air intake location

79
Q

red blood cells

A

transports oxygen via hemoglobin

helps with CO2 removal

80
Q

bronchi

A

right and left

second generation passage

81
Q

bronchioles

function, how many generations

A

about 23 generations

carry air to lungs

82
Q

alveoli

A

final generation of air passages where O2 and CO2 are exchanged with blood

83
Q

pleural pressure

A

the pressure between chest pleura and lung pleura (slightly negative)

84
Q

pleura

A

membranes around lungs and that line chest wall

85
Q

diffusion

A

molecule movements through membrane

86
Q

alveolar pressure

A

the pressure inside alveoli

<1 ATM when inhaling, >1 ATM when exhaling

87
Q

proprioceptor

A

sensory receptors in joints, muscles, and tendons.

relays information about pressure & tension subconsciously

88
Q

extrafusal fibers

A

normal muscle fibers on outside of muscle belly

89
Q

intrafusal fibers

A

fibers of muscle spindles located inside muscle belly

90
Q

fast-twitch fiber

A

develops force and relaxes rapidly

91
Q

slow-twitch fiber

A

develops force and relaxes slowly

92
Q

myocardium

A

heart muscle

93
Q

Type I fiber characteristics

A 
efficient 
fatigue resistant, 
much aerobic energy, 
low myosin ATPase activity, 
low anaerobic power, 
low motor neuron size, 
high capillary density, 
high myoglobin content, 
high mitochondrial density
94
Q

Type II fiber characteristics

A

inefficient, fatigue rapidly, low aerobic power, rapid force, high myosin ATPase activity, high anaerobic power

CSCS Vocab & Concepts (6 decks)

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