Chapter 1: A Historical Background Flashcards by Aihla Llona Rosaldo

The Republic of the Philippines comprices of _____ islands.

7,107

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The Republic of the Philippines is located at the _______ edge of the Pacific ocean, east of _______, south of ______, and north of ____ in ________.

western, Vietnam, Taiwan, Sabah in Malaysia

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There are approximately sixty million ____________ and ____________ Filipinos who are primarily _________________.

multi-ethnic, multilingual, Malayo-Polynesian

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A good number of Malayo-Polynesian Filipinos look more _______, ______, and _____, in various degrees.

Chinito (Chinese), Bumbay (Indian), and Tisoy (Spanish)

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The Philippines is billed as the “_____ _______ _______-_______ _______ __ ___ _____,” for the purpose of tourist promotion.

“Third largest English-speaking country in the world.”

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The new Philippine Constitution of ____ retained the English language as an ________ language but it is the ________ language that is used across the archipelago by the ___-__-___-______ on the other side of the _____ ________ ______.

1987, official language, Filipino language, man-on-the-street, Great Cultural Divide.

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What is the dominant homegrown religion in the Philippines?

Iglesia ni Kristo

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According to the historian Agoncillo’s (1974) explanation, the masses who belong to the Catholic Church are ___________ Catholics, while those belonging to the Iglesia are _______ followers and _____ adherents of their Church.

superficial, devoted, loyal

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Why did the historian Agoncillo say that masses who belong to the Catholic Church are superficial Catholics?

According to the historian, the Catholics go to church on Sundays and holidays not because they understand and appreciate the mysticism and poetry of the Catholic rites, but because it is the fashion to be seen in the Church on such days.

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Agoncillo claims that, while statistics show that Catholics comprise __ percent of the total population, actually the genuine Catholics do not probably comprise ___ percent of the whole population.

83 percent, 0.5 percent

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The Christianized animists form a majority in the Philippine islands of _____ and _______ but the Catholic Church plays a vital role in Philippine _______ and ______.

Luzon, Visayas, economy, polity

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What is the oldest Catholic university in the Philippines?

The University of Santo Tomas

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True or False

The friar lands have been gradually transfered since 1903 from the Catholic Church to the government and private hands but the religious orders have a long way to go before they can make good their vow of poverty in the islands.

True

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The _______ _________ priests are still embroiled in a struggle with Filipino priests for financial control of the University of Santo Tomas.

Spanish Dominican priests

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The struggle surfaced anew just after Filipino consciousness was shaken by the historic assassination of ________ ______ __ at the ______ _____________ _______ in ____.

Benigno Aquino JR., Manila International Airport, in 1983

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Who appealed for “reconciliation with justice” as the nation recoiled from the shock of a politically motivated murder which ignited the spark leading to the fall of a dictator and a change in leadership?

Jaime Cardinal Sin

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Who is the leader of the Filipino Catholics?

Jaime Cardinal Sin

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_____ is dominant in Southern Philippines as it is dominant in neighboring countries like ________ and _________.

Islam, Malaysia, Indonesia

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Regardless of what the future has in store for the ____ ________ __________ _____. the Mindanao calendar includes the ____ ____ _____ on top of the more familiar Christian holidays in Luzon.

Moro National Liberation Front, Hari Raya Puasa

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Filipino religious psychology is best found in Islamized _______ or Christianized _________ (from the name Bathala, or ___), but the traditional indigenous religion, _______ (from the word anito, or _________ ___), and respect for nature, are deeply held in various aspects of life.

animism, Bathalism, God, Anitism, Ancestral God

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The psychological knowledge of the native Filipino traditionally held by the ________ in the Visayas, the _________ in Central Luzon, and the ______ in Northern Philippines is an important basis of early Filipino psychology.

babaylan, catalonan, baglan

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The babaylan was the first Filipino psychologist. As a priestess, she was also the ________ of Filipino ______ _________.

guardian, sacred knowledge

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In the early days, the babaylan did not refer to herself as Filipino but nontheless continued her practice as babaylan through the centuries of identity evolution from _____ to Filipino.

Indio

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The ________ and ______ of the catalonan and other healers and priestessess from different ethnic groups in the Philippines are rich sources of early Filipino psychology.

dalangin (prayer), bulong (whisper)

The use of ______-______ and other psychological practices and be;iefs of resistance movements, such as the _________, are all rooted in early Filipino psychology.

anting-anting (amulets), Pulajanes

Part and parcel of early Filipino psychology is the psychology found in early Philippine literature, be it oral or scribbled on bamboo: the __________ (proverbs), the _______ (riddle), the _________ _____ (folk tales), the ______ (myth), and the _____ (epic).

salawikain, bugtong, kuwentong bayan, alamat, and epiko

The inherited customs of the Filipino serve as one of the fundamental bases of Filipino psychology. Related to this is the rich field of _______________.

ethnopsychology

Which of the following best describes the Philippines' geographical makeup? A) A landlocked country with 7,107 islands B) An archipelago with 7,107 islands C) A continental country with multiple rivers D) A large island nation with mountainous terrain

B) An archipelago with 7,107 islands

What significant event in Philippine history led to the fall of a dictatorial regime in 1983? A) The assassination of Ferdinand Marcos B) The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr. C) The declaration of Martial Law D) The EDSA People Power Revolution

B) The assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.

Which religion has a significant presence in the Southern Philippines due to influences from Malaysia and Indonesia? A) Christianity B) Buddhism C) Hinduism D) Islam

D) Islam

Which of the following is NOT a traditional Filipino religious belief or practice? A) Bathalism B) Anitism C) Shintoism D) Islamized animism

C) Shintoism

The Catholic Church holds significant cultural and political power in the Philippines, despite which major issue? A) Land redistribution B) The rise of Protestantism C) Civil war D) Political corruption

A) Land redistribution

What are "babaylan," "catalonan," and "baglan" examples of in early Philippine society? A) Political leaders B) Spiritual leaders C) Military commanders D) Teachers

B) Spiritual leaders

Which of the following psychological techniques was used by early Filipino spiritual leaders? A) Cognitive behavioral therapy B) Dalangin (prayers) C) Psychoanalysis D) Dream interpretation

B) Dalangin (prayers)

What does the term "ethnopsychology" refer to in Filipino culture? A) The study of genetics B) The psychological study of different ethnic groups C) Traditional knowledge passed down about interpersonal relationships and practices D) The use of modern psychology in foreign academic settings

C) Traditional knowledge passed down about interpersonal relationships and practices

Which of the following is a type of traditional Filipino literature? A) Novels B) Salawikain (proverbs) C) Scientific journals D) Histories

B) Salawikain (proverbs)

In what way are Filipino psychological practices best understood? A) Through Western academic theories B) Through immersion in Filipino communities C) Through government studies D) Through online research

B) Through immersion in Filipino communities

What form of resistance did the Pulajanes incorporate into their beliefs? A) Armed struggle B) Psychological practices C) Religious conversion D) Political reform

B) Psychological practices

Which of these is considered a Filipino traditional amulet used in early psychological practices? A) Anting-anting B) Lucky charm C) Talisman D) Voodoo doll

A) Anting-anting

Which is true about the religious composition of the Philippines? A) Majority are Muslim B) Majority are Catholic C) The country follows secularism D) The majority follows Buddhism

B) Majority are Catholic

Which of the following ethnic influences is not mentioned as significant in the Philippines? A) Chinese B) Indian C) Arabic D) Spanish

C) Arabic

What is a key reason why English is widely spoken in the Philippines? A) It is the primary language of the government B) It is the official language for religion C) It is used in American-oriented schools D) It is the language of Filipino folk literature

C) It is used in American-oriented schools

What is the main focus of Filipino ethnopsychology? A) Western theories of psychology B) Childcare, interpersonal relationships, and traditional practices C) Medical psychology D) The study of animal behavior

B) Childcare, interpersonal relationships, and traditional practices

Which of the following religious groups is associated with the Southern Philippines? A) Iglesia ni Cristo B) Catholicism C) Islam D) Protestantism

C) Islam

What significant cultural divide exists in the Philippines regarding language usage? A) Debate over the use of Pilipino vs. Filipino B) Debate over the dominance of Spanish C) Debate about English versus Chinese D) Debate about traditional versus modern languages

A) Debate over the use of Pilipino vs. Filipino

What role did Jaime Cardinal Sin play in Philippine history? A) He led a military rebellion B) He advocated for justice and reconciliation after Benigno Aquino Jr.'s assassination C) He established the Iglesia ni Cristo D) He became the first president of the Philippines

B) He advocated for justice and reconciliation after Benigno Aquino Jr.'s assassination

Which of the following is a traditional Filipino method for communicating or healing? A) Psychoanalysis B) Bulong (whispers) C) Hypnosis D) Aversion therapy

B) Bulong (whispers)

What was the historical significance of the University of Santo Tomas in the Philippines? A) It was the site of the first democratic elections B) It was a center of intellectual resistance during the Spanish colonial period C) It played a role in land redistribution issues D) It became the headquarters of the Catholic Church

B) It was a center of intellectual resistance during the Spanish colonial period

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Filipino belief in "anito"? A) Worship of the sun B) Reverence for ancestors and nature C) Exclusive focus on Christianity D) Practices related to Buddhist deities

B) Reverence for ancestors and nature

What role did the Pulajanes play in Filipino society? A) They were a group of political reformers B) They were a religious resistance group C) They were traditional farmers D) They were military leaders

B) They were a religious resistance group

What is the Filipino term for proverbs? A) Bugtong B) Salawikain C) Kuwentong bayan D) Epiko

B) Salawikain

What was the primary psychological focus of early Filipino spiritual leaders? A) Treating physical illnesses B) Dealing with mental health disorders C) Connecting individuals with spiritual realms D) Teaching modern psychotherapy methods

C) Connecting individuals with spiritual realms

What is one key factor in fully understanding Filipino psychology, according to the chapter? A) Studying Western academic journals B) Analyzing Filipino psychology through film C) Immersing oneself in Filipino communities D) Relying on internet sources

C) Immersing oneself in Filipino communities

What is "alamat" in Filipino literature? A) A historical chronicle B) A riddle C) A folk tale or myth D) A political manifesto

C) A folk tale or myth

Which of the following Filipino practices was most closely associated with spiritual healing? A) Epiko (epics) B) Dalangin (prayers) C) Bugtong (riddles) D) Salawikain (proverbs)

B) Dalangin (prayers)

What was the primary purpose of the "anting-anting" in early Filipino culture? A) It was used as a decorative accessory B) It was believed to offer protection or special powers C) It was used for religious ceremonies D) It was a form of currency

B) It was believed to offer protection or special powers

Which of the following groups is a prominent homegrown religion in the Philippines? A) Iglesia ni Cristo B) Islam C) Hinduism D) Buddhism

A) Iglesia ni Cristo

Which Filipino literary form involves myths or legends passed down through generations? A) Epiko (epics) B) Salawikain (proverbs) C) Alamat (myths) D) Kuwerlong bayan (folk stories)

C) Alamat (myths)

Which of the following is a key feature of academic-scientific psychology in the Philippines? A) Focus on indigenous leadership B) Influence of Wilhelm Wundt and behaviorism C) Emphasis on Filipino cultural traditions D) Integration of spiritual beliefs in healing

B) Influence of Wilhelm Wundt and behaviorism

Where did academic-philosophical psychology in the Philippines originate? A) Ateneo de Manila University B) University of Sto. Tomas C) University of the Philippines D) Mindanao State University

B) University of Sto. Tomas

What does ethnic or indigenous psychology (katutubong sikolohiya) counter? A) Western philosophical psychology B) Colonial stereotypes C) Medical psychology D) Social sciences

B) Colonial stereotypes

What role does psycho-medical psychology play in Filipino culture? A) Focuses on modern psychiatric practices B) Integrates religion and healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo C) Emphasizes academic research and clinical psychology D) Seeks to replace traditional Filipino healing methods with Western medicine

B) Integrates religion and healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo

What is sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan (livelihood psychology) concerned with? A) Mental health and therapy B) The relationship between economics, agriculture, and business C) Traditional art forms in Filipino culture D) The psychological effects of colonialism

B) The relationship between economics, agriculture, and business

Lapu-Lapu is best known for: A) His leadership in the resistance against Spanish rule B) His diplomatic relations with the Spanish C) His role as a religious leader D) His work as a healer and herbalist

A) His leadership in the resistance against Spanish rule

Which of the following best represents the psychology of leadership in Filipino culture during pre-colonial times? A) Ferdinand Magellan B) Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman C) Diego Silang D) Andres Bonifacio

B) Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman

What is significant about Gabriela Silang’s role in Philippine history? A) She was the first female president of the Philippines B) She led a rebellion after her husband’s death, symbolizing Filipino unity and women's empowerment C) She was a military strategist who won key battles against the Spanish D) She was a religious figure who helped to spread Christianity in the Philippines

B) She led a rebellion after her husband’s death, symbolizing Filipino unity and women's empowerment

What psychological theme is reflected in the leadership of Diego and Gabriela Silang? A) Colonial adaptation B) Resistance, pride, and unity C) Psychological oppression under foreign rule D) Spiritual healing and protection

B) Resistance, pride, and unity

Which of these leaders demonstrated the Filipino concepts of justice, equality, and liberty? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Tamblot and Dagohoy C) Diego Silang D) Sultan Kudarat

B) Tamblot and Dagohoy

What role did Tamblot play in resisting Spanish domination? A) He was a military commander B) He led a rebellion based on spiritual beliefs as a babaylan C) He established alliances with other communities D) He worked to convert Filipinos to Christianity

B) He led a rebellion based on spiritual beliefs as a babaylan

How is Dagohoy significant in Philippine history? A) He fought to protect Filipino religious traditions B) He led one of the longest resistance movements against Spanish rule C) He established the first Filipino republic D) He was the first Filipino to convert to Islam

B) He led one of the longest resistance movements against Spanish rule

What does the psychology of Sultan Kudarat emphasize? A) The importance of religious conversion B) Strategic leadership and resistance to colonization C) The cultural unity of all Filipino peoples D) Economic prosperity through trade with Spain

B) Strategic leadership and resistance to colonization

Which of the following is a significant aspect of indigenous Filipino psychology? A) Reliance on Western medicine for psychological healing B) Emphasis on collective courage, autonomy, and resistance C) Focus on individual achievement in isolation D) Incorporation of only Western philosophical ideas

B) Emphasis on collective courage, autonomy, and resistance

What is a common theme among the indigenous Filipino leaders mentioned (e.g., Lapu-Lapu, Diego Silang, Sultan Kudarat)? A) Their focus on material wealth and economic gain B) Their shared struggle for cultural autonomy and resistance to colonization C) Their promotion of Western education and modern psychology D) Their exclusive focus on religious teachings

B) Their shared struggle for cultural autonomy and resistance to colonization

Which psychological approach in the Philippines focuses on behaviorism and was introduced through American influence? A) Academic-scientific psychology B) Ethnic/Indigenous psychology C) Psycho-medical psychology D) Academic-philosophical psychology

A) Academic-scientific psychology

What was the role of Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman in Filipino history? A) They led a rebellion against the Spanish colonizers B) They represented Filipino diplomacy and leadership in early interactions with colonial powers C) They focused on spreading Christianity among Filipinos D) They were known for their leadership in agricultural development

B) They represented Filipino diplomacy and leadership in early interactions with colonial powers

Which Filipino historical figure symbolizes indigenous pride and unity, especially for women? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Gabriela Silang C) Diego Silang D) Sultan Kudarat

B) Gabriela Silang

Which resistance leader invoked spiritual beliefs as part of their fight against Spanish domination? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Tamblot C) Rajah Sulaiman D) Diego Silang

B) Tamblot

What was one of Sultan Kudarat’s major contributions to Filipino resistance during the Spanish era? A) His involvement in the economic prosperity of Filipino communities B) His leadership in the unification of Mindanaoan peoples against Spanish colonization C) His work in establishing Christian missionary schools in Mindanao D) His role in creating alliances with Western powers to protect Filipino interests

B) His leadership in the unification of Mindanaoan peoples against Spanish colonization

Which of the following psychological concepts reflects Filipino resilience and collective courage during pre-colonial times? A) Psycho-medical psychology B) Indigenous leadership and resistance C) Ethnic/Indigenous psychology D) Academic-scientific psychology

B) Indigenous leadership and resistance

Which of the following is the main influence on academic-scientific psychology in the Philippines? A) Wilhelm Wundt B) Karl Marx C) Sigmund Freud D) Jean Piaget

A) Wilhelm Wundt

Which type of psychology in the Philippines focuses on behaviorism and is linked to American influence? A) Psycho-medical psychology B) Academic-scientific psychology C) Ethnic/Indigenous psychology D) Academic-philosophical psychology

B) Academic-scientific psychology

Where did academic-philosophical psychology in the Philippines originate? A) Ateneo de Manila B) University of Sto. Tomas C) University of the Philippines D) De La Salle University

B) University of Sto. Tomas

What is the focus of ethnic or indigenous psychology (katutubong sikolohiya)? A) Colonial psychology B) Filipino traits shaped by local and foreign influences C) European theories of behavior D) Religious healing practices

B) Filipino traits shaped by local and foreign influences

What does psycho-medical psychology in the Philippines emphasize? A) Academic theory and research B) Healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo C) Western mental health models D) Agricultural psychology

B) Healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo

Sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan or livelihood psychology explores the relationship between which areas? A) Agriculture, economics, and business B) Religion, politics, and law C) Art, music, and literature D) Technology, education, and health

A) Agriculture, economics, and business

What historical figure is seen as the epitome of Filipino bravery for resisting Ferdinand Magellan? A) Lakan Dula B) Rajah Sulaiman C) Lapu-Lapu D) Diego Silang

C) Lapu-Lapu

Which of the following was a leader in Tondo and Maynilad, maintaining Filipino autonomy in the face of colonial powers? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Rajah Sulaiman C) Diego Silang D) Sultan Kudarat

B) Rajah Sulaiman

Diego Silang’s rebellion is a symbol of what? A) Religious conversion B) Indigenous pride and unity C) Economic prosperity D) Colonial submission

B) Indigenous pride and unity

Who took over the leadership of the Ilocos rebellion after Diego Silang's death? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Gabriela Silang C) Rajah Sulaiman D) Sultan Kudarat

B) Gabriela Silang

Which leader led a long resistance movement against Spanish rule, demonstrating Filipino concepts of justice, equality, and liberty? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Tamblot C) Diego Silang D) Dagohoy

D) Dagohoy

Tamblot is considered a spiritual leader and a resistance figure in which region of the Philippines? A) Mindanao B) Luzon C) Visayas D) Palawan

C) Visayas

What was the role of Dagohoy in the resistance against Spanish rule? A) He organized the longest-running rebellion in Philippine history B) He was the first Filipino to convert to Islam C) He focused on spreading Christianity D) He led a peaceful negotiation with the Spanish

A) He organized the longest-running rebellion in Philippine history

Sultan Kudarat is known for uniting which groups in the resistance against Spanish colonization? A) Visayan and Ilocano people B) Maranao and Tausug peoples C) Tagalog and Pangasinan people D) Cebuano and Bicolano peoples

B) Maranao and Tausug peoples

Which of the following was a key psychological theme in the leadership of figures like Lapu-Lapu and Gabriela Silang? A) Individual achievement B) Collective courage and resistance to colonization C) The pursuit of material wealth D) The spread of Christianity

B) Collective courage and resistance to colonization

Katutubong sikolohiya (ethnic psychology) reflects which of the following? A) The psychological effects of colonialism B) Filipino cultural identity and traits C) Psychological treatment through modern medicine D) A focus on Westernized behavioral theories

B) Filipino cultural identity and traits

What did Lakan Dula and Rajah Sulaiman exemplify through their leadership? A) Religious missionary work B) Resistance and diplomacy with colonial powers C) Military conquest D) Economic and technological advancement

B) Resistance and diplomacy with colonial powers

What role did religion play in psycho-medical psychology in the Philippines? A) It was rejected in favor of modern psychology B) Religion was integrated with healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo C) Religion was not considered in psycho-medical psychology D) Religion only focused on Christian rites and rituals

B) Religion was integrated with healing practices like espiritista and herbolaryo

The concept of sikolohiyang pangkabuhayan is important because it connects psychology to which sectors? A) Art, history, and culture B) Family dynamics and community health C) Agriculture, economics, and business D) Religion, politics, and law

C) Agriculture, economics, and business

Which historical figure is associated with the longest resistance movement in Philippine history, fighting for justice and equality? A) Lapu-Lapu B) Gabriela Silang C) Dagohoy D) Tamblot

C) Dagohoy

When did formal psychology education begin in the Philippines? A) Spanish colonial period B) American colonial period C) Japanese occupation D) After World War II

B) American colonial period

Who played a pivotal role in the early development of psychology in the Philippines? A) Estefania Aldaba B) Sinforoso Padilla C) Agustin Alonzo D) Jaime Cardinal Sin

C) Agustin Alonzo

What influence did American colonialism have on psychology education in the Philippines? A) It emphasized indigenous practices B) It promoted the use of Filipino language in instruction C) It introduced American textbooks and English as the medium of instruction D) It eliminated Western psychological theories

C) It introduced American textbooks and English as the medium of instruction

What was the primary shift in psychology during the American colonial period? A) From philosophical rationalism to behavioral and experimental psychology B) From animal experiments to educational psychology C) From Western methods to indigenous approaches D) From theoretical psychology to clinical psychology

A) From philosophical rationalism to behavioral and experimental psychology

How did the use of English as the medium of instruction affect Filipino psychology? A) It helped preserve Filipino cultural values B) It allowed for the integration of indigenous knowledge C) It enabled the rapid assimilation of American psychological theories but de-Filipinized Filipino psychologists D) It led to the rejection of American models of psychology

C) It enabled the rapid assimilation of American psychological theories but de-Filipinized Filipino psychologists

What role did psychology play in the American colonial education system? A) It focused on indigenous practices B) It promoted American ideals and Western ideologies C) It helped Filipinos reconnect with their cultural roots D) It encouraged the rejection of Western concepts

B) It promoted American ideals and Western ideologies

What was the main focus of Agustin Alonzo’s shift in psychological research? A) Animal experiments B) Educational psychology C) Clinical psychology D) Social psychology

B) Educational psychology

Who established the first Experimental Psychology Laboratory in the Philippines in 1928? A) Estefania Aldaba B) Agustin Alonzo C) Sinforoso Padilla D) Fernando Santos

C) Sinforoso Padilla

What was one of the main criticisms of American colonial psychology in the Philippines? A) It was too rooted in Filipino traditions B) It marginalized indigenous knowledge and perspectives C) It rejected Western psychological theories D) It focused too much on educational psychology

B) It marginalized indigenous knowledge and perspectives

What cultural divide emerged as a result of American colonial psychology? A) Between Western-trained elite and the Filipino masses who retained indigenous traditions B) Between rich and poor Filipino families C) Between Filipino psychologists and foreign-trained psychologists D) Between rural and urban Filipinos

A) Between Western-trained elite and the Filipino masses who retained indigenous traditions

How did American psychological education impact Filipino psychologists' views of Western models? A) They rejected Western psychology as irrelevant B) They viewed American models as inherently better C) They focused on creating indigenous psychological models D) They integrated Western and indigenous methods equally

B) They viewed American models as inherently better

What was the challenge faced by early Filipino psychologists in adapting psychology to local needs? A) They had to focus on Western psychological methods exclusively B) They struggled to balance the demands of Western education with local realities C) They had difficulty gaining acceptance from the American colonizers D) They had no interest in educational psychology

B) They struggled to balance the demands of Western education with local realities

Which early Filipino psychologist focused on educational psychology and psychological measurement? A) Estefania Aldaba B) Agustin Alonzo C) Sinforoso Padilla D) Jaime Cardinal Sin

B) Agustin Alonzo

Which of the following was a key aspect of early Filipino psychologists’ legacy? A) They rejected American models entirely B) They struggled to create an indigenous psychology while working within a Western framework C) They promoted only indigenous psychological methods D) They focused solely on clinical applications of psychology

B) They struggled to create an indigenous psychology while working within a Western framework

What was the main challenge of creating a truly indigenous psychology in the Philippines during the American colonial period? A) The lack of interest in psychology among Filipinos B) The dominance of Western educational models and the alienation of Filipino cultural roots C) The refusal to incorporate Western psychological theories D) The focus on theoretical over practical psychology

B) The dominance of Western educational models and the alienation of Filipino cultural roots

What was the main criticism of Filipino psychologists who were trained in the United States? A) They had no formal training in psychology B) They struggled to reconcile Western methods with Filipino realities C) They rejected the use of English in psychological education D) They ignored Western theories in favor of indigenous practices

B) They struggled to reconcile Western methods with Filipino realities

How did American psychological education in the Philippines impact indigenous knowledge? A) It integrated indigenous knowledge with American psychological practices B) It ignored indigenous knowledge entirely C) It promoted indigenous practices as superior D) It diminished indigenous perspectives and knowledge

D) It diminished indigenous perspectives and knowledge

What did the establishment of the Experimental Psychology Laboratory by Sinforoso Padilla signify? A) The end of American influence in Filipino psychology B) The beginning of a more Filipino-centered approach to psychology C) The institutionalization of psychology as a formal academic discipline in the Philippines D) A rejection of educational psychology

C) The institutionalization of psychology as a formal academic discipline in the Philippines

Which Filipino psychologist was key in introducing educational psychology to the Philippines? A) Estefania Aldaba B) Agustin Alonzo C) Sinforoso Padilla D) Gabriela Silang

B) Agustin Alonzo

How did the shift from Spanish to American influence in psychology impact the term sikolohiya? A) It eliminated the term entirely B) It was retained, but its meaning shifted from philosophical to behavioral and experimental psychology C) It remained purely philosophical D) It was not affected by the change in colonial powers

B) It was retained, but its meaning shifted from philosophical to behavioral and experimental psychology

Hermano Pule (Apolinario de la Cruz’s) religious movement combined which elements? A) Indigenous beliefs only B) Christian beliefs only C) Indigenous beliefs with Christian elements D) Modern psychology and indigenous beliefs

C) Indigenous beliefs with Christian elements

What does Hermano Pule’s psychology highlight? A) Charisma, faith, and leadership B) Material wealth and success C) Resistance to colonial oppression D) Spiritual detachment from the world

A) Charisma, faith, and leadership

How did Pedro Serrano Laktaw and Isabelo de los Reyes contribute to Filipino identity? A) By creating new languages B) By exploring language and folklore as a means of preserving cultural memory C) By translating Western texts into Filipino D) By encouraging the adoption of foreign customs

B) By exploring language and folklore as a means of preserving cultural memory

What does the psychological importance of language highlighted by Laktaw and de los Reyes emphasize? A) The rise of new languages B) The preservation of culture and identity through oral traditions and written works C) The development of a standardized Filipino language D) The communication of colonial narratives

B) The preservation of culture and identity through oral traditions and written works

What is the central theme of Jose Rizal's essay Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos? A) The superiority of Filipino culture B) The critique of colonial narratives surrounding Filipino indolence C) The glorification of Spanish rule D) The psychology of Filipinos' resistance to colonial powers

B) The critique of colonial narratives surrounding Filipino indolence

Rizal’s works reflect a psychological analysis of which of the following? A) Filipino nationalism B) Colonial oppression and its psychological effects C) The benefits of colonial rule D) The development of Filipino martial arts

B) Colonial oppression and its psychological effects

What does Emilio Jacinto’s Liwanag at Dilim (Light and Darkness) differentiate between? A) Light and dark forces in nature B) Ningning (glitter) and liwanag (light), true versus superficial values C) Truth and lies D) Good and evil

B) Ningning (glitter) and liwanag (light), true versus superficial values

What philosophical concept does Emilio Jacinto's work Liwanag at Dilim encourage? A) To value substance over appearances B) To focus on material wealth C) To adhere strictly to colonial values D) To reject Filipino traditions in favor of Western ideas

A) To value substance over appearances

Francisco Baltazar (Balagtas) is best known for exploring themes of: A) Justice and equality B) Love, suffering, and resilience in his poetry C) Military strategy D) Economic prosperity

B) Love, suffering, and resilience in his poetry

What does Balagtas’ work offer a psychological perspective on? A) The effects of colonialism on Filipino identity B) Filipino emotions and social dynamics C) The importance of Western philosophical ideas D) The development of Filipino political movements

B) Filipino emotions and social dynamics

The Revolution of 1896 was not only a political movement but also a: A) Religious awakening B) Psychological awakening, based on ideals of freedom, identity, and equality C) Cultural regression D) Military transformation

B) Psychological awakening, based on ideals of freedom, identity, and equality

Who are some of the key figures that symbolize the intellectual and emotional drivers of the Revolution of 1896? A) Jose Rizal, Francisco Baltazar, and Isabelo de los Reyes B) Mabini, Bonifacio, and Jacinto C) Hermano Pule, Laktaw, and Jacinto D) Mabini, Baltazar, and Alonzo

B) Mabini, Bonifacio, and Jacinto

Which of the following is NOT one of the Filipino values intertwined with Filipino psychology? A) Justice B) Equality C) Resilience D) Colonial submission

D) Colonial submission

What indigenous belief concepts are part of Filipino psychology? A) Concepts of spirituality and interconnectedness B) Belief in the superiority of Western ideologies C) Ideas of domination over nature D) A rejection of communal life

A) Concepts of spirituality and interconnectedness

Filipino psychology emphasizes which of the following as a form of psychological resistance? A) Ignoring colonial oppression B) Countering colonial oppression through a renewed sense of identity and cultural pride C) Embracing Western psychological theories D) Adopting a purely religious approach to resistance

B) Countering colonial oppression through a renewed sense of identity and cultural pride

What role does mythology and folklore play in Filipino psychology? A) They are used to perpetuate colonial ideas B) They serve as mediums to explore Filipino values and cultural expressions C) They are irrelevant to modern Filipino psychology D) They reject indigenous beliefs

B) They serve as mediums to explore Filipino values and cultural expressions

Which psychological value is most connected to the Filipino sense of community? A) Individualism B) Resilience C) Communal solidarity D) Isolation

C) Communal solidarity

How does Filipino psychology counter colonial oppression? A) By completely rejecting all foreign ideas B) By embracing foreign psychological practices C) By promoting a renewed sense of identity and pride in local traditions D) By focusing on Western values of individualism

C) By promoting a renewed sense of identity and pride in local traditions

What does the psychological and philosophical discourse in Emilio Jacinto’s Liwanag at Dilim encourage? A) A focus on material wealth B) A focus on superficial values C) A critique of colonial beliefs and a search for deeper meaning D) A rejection of Filipino identity

C) A critique of colonial beliefs and a search for deeper meaning

How did the Revolution of 1896 contribute to Filipino psychology? A) It focused solely on political goals B) It helped Filipinos unite under shared ideals of freedom, identity, and equality, contributing to a psychological awakening C) It led to the complete abandonment of Filipino cultural traditions D) It was a purely military movement with no psychological impact

B) It helped Filipinos unite under shared ideals of freedom, identity, and equality, contributing to a psychological awakening

Who developed the Philippine Mental Abilities Test, an early attempt at local psychological testing? a) Manuel Carreon b) Sinforoso Padilla c) Leila Padilla d) Emeteria Lee

b) Sinforoso Padilla

Who continued Sinforoso Padilla's work on the Philippine Mental Abilities Test? a) Manuel Carreon b) Emeteria Lee c) Leila Padilla d) Annadaisy Carlota

c) Leila Padilla

What was the title of Manuel Carreon’s influential dissertation in 1926? a) Filipino Psychology: A New Dawn b) Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement c) The Psychology of the Filipino Mind d) Culturally Relevant Testing

Answer: b) Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement

Why did Carreon’s dissertation have limited impact? a) It was written in Tagalog b) It was written in English, limiting accessibility c) It was too technical d) It was published too late

Answer: b) It was written in English, limiting accessibility

What was the “change-apples-to-papayas” approach? a) A method of psychological testing with culturally relevant symbols b) A strategy to adapt American psychological tests for the Philippine context c) A traditional Filipino diagnostic technique d) A metaphor for Carreon’s dissertation

Answer: b) A strategy to adapt American psychological tests for the Philippine context

Which Filipino diagnostic technique was often overlooked in favor of Western methods? a) Pagpapatawas b) Rorschach test c) Cognitive testing d) Mental measurement

Answer: a) Pagpapatawas

Who dismissed the Filipino readiness for independence, stifling local psychology developments? a) Governor-General Harrison b) Manuel Carreon c) Major-General Leonard Wood d) Sinforoso Padilla

Answer: c) Major-General Leonard Wood

What metaphor is used to describe the impact of Western psychological models on Filipino culture? a) "Changing the soil for a new plant" b) "Planting seeds of progress" c) "Changing apples to papayas" d) "Building bridges to the West"

Answer: c) "Changing apples to papayas"

What does the apple metaphor represent in Filipino psychology? a) The introduction of indigenous knowledge b) Western influence and the persistence of colonial ideals c) The evolution of local psychological tests d) The emergence of Filipino cultural pride

Answer: b) Western influence and the persistence of colonial ideals

What was the main issue with Filipino psychologists’ adoption of American psychological tests? a) They were too simplistic for Filipino culture b) They ignored cultural relevance and perpetuated colonial influence c) They were too focused on indigenous practices d) They lacked technical precision

Answer: b) They ignored cultural relevance and perpetuated colonial influence

Which Filipino intellectual embraced American culture after being educated in the U.S.? a) Manuel L. Quezon b) Sinforoso Padilla c) Isidoro Panlasigui d) Emeteria Lee

Answer: c) Isidoro Panlasigui

What sports did Isidoro Panlasigui embrace after his American education? a) Baseball and football b) Basketball and baseball c) Soccer and swimming d) Tennis and cricket

Answer: b) Basketball and baseball

What did Panlasigui believe about adopting American language and culture? a) It would help maintain Filipino traditions b) It would elevate the Philippines' cultural standing c) It was harmful to Filipino identity d) It would promote economic independence

Answer: b) It would elevate the Philippines' cultural standing

Which prominent figure opposed Panlasigui’s views on Americanization? a) Manuel L. Quezon b) Annadaisy Carlota c) Leila Padilla d) Gundelina Velasco

Answer: a) Manuel L. Quezon

What famous quote by Manuel L. Quezon emphasized his nationalist stance? a) "A nation without culture is a nation without future" b) "I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by Americans" c) "We must learn from the West to grow" d) "Independence is only a matter of time"

Answer: b) "I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by Americans"

Panlasigui’s book, Elementary Statistics, Educational Measurement, and Evaluation, was criticized for being: a) Too focused on indigenous practices b) Technical and culturally irrelevant c) A revolutionary work in Filipino psychology d) Written in Filipino

Answer: b) Technical and culturally irrelevant

Which of Panlasigui’s works was considered more culturally relevant? a) Elementary Statistics b) Ti Agtutubo and Ti Ubing c) Educational Measurement d) The Psychology of Filipino Culture

Answer: b) Ti Agtutubo and Ti Ubing

What was a significant impact of colonial language policies on Filipino psychology? a) They promoted Filipino psychological practices b) They made Western psychological models more accessible c) They restricted the accessibility of psychological scholarship d) They led to the abandonment of all Western methods

Answer: c) They restricted the accessibility of psychological scholarship

What does the marginalization of traditional Filipino practices in early psychological testing reflect? a) The embrace of Filipino culture b) A balance between indigenous and Western methods c) The dominance of Western psychological paradigms d) The rapid development of local psychological testing

Answer: c) The dominance of Western psychological paradigms

Which indigenous Filipino diagnostic practice was ignored by early psychologists? a) Rorschach test b) Pagpapatawas c) Cognitive behavior therapy d) Atis-papaya analogy

Answer: b) Pagpapatawas

Who were the Filipino psychologists that continued the work of Sinforoso Padilla on local psychological testing? a) Annadaisy Carlota and Gundelina Velasco b) Leila Padilla and Ma. Angeles Guanzon c) Manuel Carreon and Emeteria Lee d) Isidoro Panlasigui and Manuel L. Quezon

Answer: b) Leila Padilla and Ma. Angeles Guanzon

What was the primary limitation of Manuel Carreon’s dissertation, Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement? a) It was written in Filipino b) It was too theoretical c) It was written in English, limiting accessibility d) It was published in a foreign journal

Answer: c) It was written in English, limiting accessibility

What approach did early Filipino psychologists take when using American psychological tests in the Philippines? a) They discarded Western tests in favor of indigenous methods b) They modified the tests slightly to fit Filipino conditions c) They created new tests based on Filipino culture d) They strictly adhered to the original American tests

Answer: b) They modified the tests slightly to fit Filipino conditions

Which traditional Filipino diagnostic technique was ignored by early Filipino psychologists in favor of Western methods? a) Pagpapatawas b) Panlasigui’s statistical methods c) Ti Agtutubo d) Filipino intelligence tests

Answer: a) Pagpapatawas

Which historical event contributed to the stifling of progressive developments in Filipino psychology? a) The Philippine Revolution b) The shift from Governor-General Harrison to Major-General Leonard Wood c) The enactment of the Philippine Commonwealth d) The independence of the Philippines in 1946

Answer: b) The shift from Governor-General Harrison to Major-General Leonard Wood

What is the metaphorical significance of the "change-apples-to-papayas" approach? a) The attempt to make Western practices more culturally relevant b) The rejection of Western methods for purely indigenous approaches c) The transition from colonial influences to Filipino identity d) The development of Filipino psychological methods independent of Western practices

Answer: a) The attempt to make Western practices more culturally relevant

The “apple” metaphor in Filipino psychology symbolizes: a) A symbol of independence b) The embrace of indigenous practices c) Colonial influence and the persistence of Western ideals d) A change in the type of psychological testing used

Answer: c) Colonial influence and the persistence of Western ideals

Who among the following was NOT a key figure in the development of local psychological testing in the Philippines? a) Sinforoso Padilla b) Leila Padilla c) Emeteria Lee d) H.G. Wells

Answer: d) H.G. Wells

What was the central theme of Carreon’s dissertation on psychological testing? a) The importance of American models for Filipino psychology b) A critique of the Westernization of Filipino education c) A study of the cultural relevance of psychological testing in the Philippines d) The development of indigenous Filipino psychological methods

Answer: c) A study of the cultural relevance of psychological testing in the Philippines

What did Isidoro Panlasigui promote in his writings? a) The rejection of Western methods in Filipino education b) The importance of adopting American language and culture for national dignity c) The development of indigenous Filipino psychological tests d) A critique of American colonialism

Answer: b) The importance of adopting American language and culture for national dignity

Which Filipino intellectual figure was a staunch opponent of Panlasigui’s views on Americanization? a) Leila Padilla b) Manuel L. Quezon c) Isidoro Panlasigui d) Sinforoso Padilla

Answer: b) Manuel L. Quezon

What was one of the key contributions of Panlasigui to Filipino education? a) The development of Filipino-language psychological tests b) His book Ti Agtutubo and Ti Ubing c) The adoption of Filipino traditional diagnostic practices d) His technical work on Elementary Statistics, Educational Measurement, and Evaluation

Answer: d) His technical work on Elementary Statistics, Educational Measurement, and Evaluation

Panlasigui’s book Elementary Statistics was critiqued for lacking: a) Practical applications for Filipino culture b) A scientific basis in statistical methods c) A deep understanding of Western psychology d) Indigenous content relevant to Filipino students

Answer: a) Practical applications for Filipino culture

Which of the following did Panlasigui admire about America? a) Its isolationist policies b) Its educational system, sports, and democratic ideals c) Its strong opposition to colonialism d) Its emphasis on local languages

Answer: b) Its educational system, sports, and democratic ideals

What did Manuel L. Quezon’s quote “I would rather have a government run like hell by Filipinos than a government run like heaven by Americans” represent? a) His rejection of American education b) His support for Filipino self-governance and independence c) His belief in the superiority of Western culture d) His support for adopting American language and ideals

Answer: b) His support for Filipino self-governance and independence

In Panlasigui’s view, why was adopting American language and culture beneficial for the Philippines? a) It would preserve Filipino traditions b) It would elevate the country’s cultural status and connect it to the West c) It would help the country resist colonial control d) It would promote economic independence

Answer: b) It would elevate the country’s cultural status and connect it to the West

What was the effect of colonial language policies on the accessibility of Filipino psychological scholarship? a) They made psychological research more available to Filipinos b) They facilitated the integration of Western psychology with Filipino methods c) They hindered the spread and accessibility of psychological knowledge d) They promoted the use of Filipino as the primary language for psychological research

Answer: c) They hindered the spread and accessibility of psychological knowledge

What does the phrase "miseducation initiated during the colonial period" refer to? a) The dominance of Western psychology over Filipino psychological methods b) The success of Filipino educational reforms c) The establishment of an indigenous language for Filipino education d) The shift towards a purely indigenous psychological practice

Answer: a) The dominance of Western psychology over Filipino psychological methods

The academic works of Isidoro Panlasigui primarily discussed: a) The philosophical foundations of Filipino psychology b) Statistical methods and educational measurement c) The psychological effects of colonialism d) Indigenous diagnostic practices

Answer: b) Statistical methods and educational measurement

The indigenous Filipino practice of pagpapatawas was largely ignored in favor of: a) American psychological assessments b) Filipino statistical analysis c) Educational evaluation d) Rorschach and other Western diagnostic methods

Answer: a) American psychological assessments

Who was the first Filipino psychologist to develop a local psychological test, the Philippine Mental Abilities Test? a) Annadaisy Carlota b) Leila Padilla c) Sinforoso Padilla d) Manuel Carreon

Answer: c) Sinforoso Padilla

Which psychologist’s work, Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement, had its impact diminished because it was written in English? a) Emeteria Lee b) Sinforoso Padilla c) Manuel Carreon d) Isidoro Panlasigui

Answer: c) Manuel Carreon

What was the “change-apples-to-papayas” approach an example of? a) The development of purely Filipino psychological tests b) The shift from Western to indigenous diagnostic methods c) The modification of American psychological tests to fit Filipino conditions d) The introduction of Filipino fruits into psychological testing

Answer: c) The modification of American psychological tests to fit Filipino conditions

Which traditional Filipino diagnostic method was overlooked by early Filipino psychologists in favor of Western tests? a) Pagpapatawas b) Ti Agtutubo c) Cognitive behavior therapy d) Filipino intelligence assessments

Answer: a) Pagpapatawas

Which Filipino intellectual was known for promoting American culture and ideals, including language and democracy? a) Manuel L. Quezon b) Isidoro Panlasigui c) Gundelina Velasco d) Annadaisy Carlota

Answer: b) Isidoro Panlasigui

What did Isidoro Panlasigui believe about adopting American language and culture? a) It would hinder Filipino identity b) It was an important step toward elevating the Philippines in global culture c) It was irrelevant to Filipino education d) It would lead to the rejection of Filipino traditions

Answer: b) It was an important step toward elevating the Philippines in global culture

Which key figure opposed Panlasigui’s views on Americanization and advocated for a national Filipino language? a) Emeteria Lee b) Manuel L. Quezon c) Leila Padilla d) Sinforoso Padilla

Answer: b) Manuel L. Quezon

What was one of the criticisms of Panlasigui’s book Elementary Statistics, Educational Measurement, and Evaluation? a) It focused too much on indigenous practices b) It was overly technical and lacked cultural relevance c) It was too theoretical and hard to understand d) It failed to address Filipino educational needs

Answer: b) It was overly technical and lacked cultural relevance

Which of the following works by Panlasigui was considered more culturally relevant? a) Elementary Statistics b) Ti Agtutubo and Ti Ubing c) Educational Measurement d) Philippine Studies in Mental Measurement

Answer: b) Ti Agtutubo and Ti Ubing

What was the main obstacle to the widespread acceptance of Carreon’s work on culturally relevant psychological testing? a) The influence of traditional Filipino diagnostic practices b) The use of Tagalog instead of English c) The dominance of Western psychological paradigms d) The lack of support from the Philippine government

Answer: c) The dominance of Western psychological paradigms

Chapter 1: A Historical Background Flashcards

(190 cards)