Chapter 1: An orientation to lifespan development Flashcards

(48 cards)

1
Q

lifespan development

A

the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire life span

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2
Q

physical development

A

development involving the body’s physical makeup, including the brain, nervous system, muscles, and senses, and the need for food, drink, and sleep

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3
Q

cognitive development

A

development involving the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person’s behaviors

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4
Q

personality development

A

development involving the ways that the enduring characteristic that differentiate one person from another change over the life span

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5
Q

social development

A

the way in which individuals’ interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change, and remain stable over the course of life

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6
Q

cohort

A

a group of people born at around the same time in the same place

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7
Q

continuous change

A

gradual development in which achievements at one level build on those of previous levels

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8
Q

discontinuous change

A

development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages

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9
Q

critical period

A

a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequence and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally

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10
Q

sensitive period

A

a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequence

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11
Q

maturation

A

the predetermined unfolding of genetic information

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12
Q

theories

A

explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest, providing a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles

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13
Q

psychodynamic perspective

A

the approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control

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14
Q

psychoanalytic theory

A

the theory proposed by Freud that suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior

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15
Q

psychosexual development

A

according to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, focuses on a particular biological function and body part

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16
Q

pyschosocial development

A

the approach that encompass changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another, as well as in our knowledge and understanding of ourselves as members of society

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17
Q

behavioral perspective

A

the approach suggesting that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment

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18
Q

classical conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response

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19
Q

operant conditioning

A

a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences

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20
Q

behavior modification

A

a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones

21
Q

social-cognitive learning theory

A

learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model

22
Q

cognitive perspective

A

the approach that focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world

23
Q

information processing approaches

A

models that seek to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information

24
Q

cognitive neuroscience approaches

A

approaches that examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes

25
humanistic perspective
the theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior
26
contextual perspective
the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds
27
bioecological approach
the perspective suggesting that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals
28
socialcultural theory
the approach that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
29
evolutionary perspective
the theory that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
30
scientific method
the process of posing and answering questions using careful, controlled techniques that include systematic, orderly observation and the collection of data
31
hypothesis
a prediction stated in a way that permits it to be tested
32
correlational research
research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exists
33
experimental research
research designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
34
naturalistic observation
a type of correlational study in which some naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation
35
case studies
studies that involve extensive, in-depth interviews with a particular individual or small group of individuals
36
survey research
a type of study where a group of people chosen to represent some larger population are asked questions about their attitudes, behavior, or thinking on a given topic.
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psychophysiological methods
research that focuses on the relationship between physiological processes and behavior
38
experiments
a process in which an investigator, called an experimenter, devises two different experiences for participants and then studies and compares the outcomes
39
independent variable
the variable that researchers manipulate in an experiment
40
dependent variable
the variable that researches measure in an experiment and expect that change as a result of the experimental manipulation
41
sample
the group of participants chosen for the experiment
42
field study
a research investigation carried out in a naturally occurring setting
43
laboratory study
a research investigation conducted in a controlled setting explicitly designed to hold events constant
44
theoretical research
research designed specifically to test some developmental explanation and expand scientific knowledge
45
applied research
research meant to provide practical solutions to immediate problems
46
longitudinal research
research in which the behavior of one of more participants in a study is measured as they age
47
cross-sectional research
Research in which people of different ages are compared at the same point in time
48
sequential studies
research in which researches examine a number of different age groups over several points in time