Chapter 1 - Anatomy, Neuroanatomy & Physiology

Question 1

Spinal column

Answer 1

7 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
3-4 coccygeal

Question 2

External intercostals vs internal intercostals

Answer 2

Internal pulls ribs down to decrease diameter of thoracic cavity - exhalation

External pulls ribs up to increase diameter - inhalation

Question 3

Muscles of inspiration

Answer 3

Diaphragm
Abdomen
Intercostal muscles

Question 4

Muscles of expiration

Answer 4

Latissimus dorsi
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique abdominis 
Quadratus lumborum

Question 5

The intrinsic laryngeal muscles are responsible for…

Answer 5

Speech production

Question 6

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 6

Thyroarytenoid
Lateral cricoarytenoid 
Transverse arytenoid
Oblique arytenoid
Cricothyroid
Posterior cricoarytenoid 

Innervated by CN X

Question 7

Extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 7

Suprahyoid - elevators; diagstric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, hyoglossus, genioglossus

Infrahyoid - depressors; thyrohyoid, omohyoid, Sternothyroid and sternohyoid

Question 8

3 layers of vocal folds

Answer 8

Epithelium
Lamina propia
Vocalic muscle

Question 9

Myoelastic aerodynamic theory

Answer 9

Vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure or air and because of the elasticity of the folds

Question 10

Bernoulli effect

Answer 10

Caused by increased speed of air pressure between the vocal folds
“Sucking” motion of vocal folds towards one another

Question 11

Cerebellum regulates

Answer 11

Motor movement

Question 12

Superior laryngeal nerve

Answer 12

Sensory information to larynx and innervation for cricothyroid muscles

Question 13

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Answer 13

Sensory and motor for information below vocal folds

Would have problems with voicing if this was damaged

Question 14

Resonation

Answer 14

Modifying of laryngeal tone by dampening or enhancing of specific frequencies

Question 15

Velum is elevated for all sounds but

Answer 15

Nasals

Question 16

Source filter theory

Answer 16

Vocal tract is a series of linked tubes
Oral cavity, nasal cavity, pharynx
Linked tubes provide resonating cavity that provides speech

Question 17

3 parts of pharyngeal cavity

Answer 17

Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx

Question 18

Soft palate

Answer 18

Junction of oro and Nasopharynx

Innervated by CN X and CN XI

Question 19

4 parts of tongue

Answer 19

Tip
Blade
Dorsom
Root 
Biggest muscle = genioglossus

Question 20

CNs involved in articulation

Answer 20

V, VII, X, XI, XII

Question 21

PNS

Answer 21

Sensory neurons and motor impulses

Question 22

CNS

Answer 22

Motor neurons

Brain and spinal cord

Question 23

ANS

Answer 23

Controls interval environment of our bodies

Question 24

2 branches of ANS

Answer 24

Sympathetic - fight or flight responses

Parasympathetic - brings body to a state of relaxation

Question 25

Two parts of diencephalon

Answer 25

Thalamus - sensory information and motor impulse | Hypothalamus - emotions and actions of ANS

Question 26

Basal ganglia parts

Answer 26

Coordination and movement Globus pallidus Putamen Caudate nucleus

Question 27

Gyrus Sulcus Fissure

Answer 27

Gyrus - ride on cortex Sulcus - shallow valley Fissure - deep sulcus

Question 28

Frontal lobe

Answer 28

``` Motor planning Speech production Primary motor cortex, Broca's area Organized sequencing Language ```

Question 29

Parietal lobe

Answer 29

Sensory Pressure, pain, temperature, touch Damage can cause difficulties with naming, reading, and writing

Question 30

Occipital lobe Limbic lobe

Answer 30

Occipital - visual cortex Limbic - emotions and behavior

Question 31

Temporal lobe

Answer 31

Primary auditory cortex Auditory processing Wernicke's area Comprehension of language

Question 32

Pyramidal system

Answer 32

Facilitates voluntary motor movements Corticobulbar tract Corticospinal tract

Question 33

Lower motor neurons

Answer 33

Spinal and cranial nerves | Communicates with PNS to inner are muscles

Question 34

Upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 34

CNS | Voluntary motor movement

Question 35

Choroid plexus

Answer 35

Makes cerebrospinal fluid

Question 36

Circle of Willis

Answer 36

Formed at base of brain | Common blood supply to cerebral branches

Question 37

Meninges

Answer 37

Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater