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Pathophysiology > Chapter 1 and 26 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 26 Flashcards

1
Q

Health

A

Physical, mental, and social well-being

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2
Q

Health indicators

A

“Normal” range of values

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3
Q

Disease

A

Deviations from the normal state of homeostasis

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4
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 1

A

“Basic” science
ID of technology to be used
Work done in laboratory
Might require animal cells or tissue cultures

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5
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 2

A

Small number of human subjects

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6
Q

Research process in health sciences: stage 3

A

Clinical trials
Involving a large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease
“Double-blind” studies

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7
Q

What does medical history obtain

A 
Current and prior illness
Allergies
Hospitalizations 
Treatment
Specific difficulties 
Any type of therapies or drugs
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8
Q

New developments and trends in healthcare

A

Constant updating of information and knowledge
Improved diagnostic tests
Development of more effects drugs
New technology
Extensive research in efforts to prevent, control or cure many disorders

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9
Q

Gross level

A

Organ or system level

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10
Q

Microscopic level

A

Cellular level

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11
Q

Biopsy

A

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

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12
Q

Autopsy

A

Examination of the body and organs after death

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13
Q

The disease process: diagnosis

A

ID of a basic disease

  • evaluation of s/s
  • lab tests
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14
Q

Disease process: etiology

A

Causative factors in a particular disease

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15
Q

Cause of disease: idiopathic

A

Cause of disease is unknown

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16
Q

Cause of disease: iatrogenic

A

Error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease

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17
Q

Cause of disease: predisposing factors

A

Age, gender, inherited factors, environment

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18
Q

Cause of disease: prophylaxis

A

Preserve health; prevent spread of disease

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19
Q

Cause of disease: prevention

A

Vaccinations; dietary/lifestyle modifications; preventions of potentially harmful activities, etc.

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20
Q

Characteristics of disease: pathogenesis

A

Development of the disease

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21
Q

Characteristics of disease: onset of disease

A

Sudden/acute

Insidious: gradual, vague, or mild signs

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22
Q

Characteristics of disease: acute diseases

A

Short-term, develops quickly

High fever, severe pain, etc

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23
Q

Characteristics of disease: chronic disease

A

Develops gradually

Milder symptoms, often intermittent with acute episodes

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24
Q

Characteristics of disease: sub clinical state

A

Pathological changes, no obvious manifestations

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25
Characteristics of disease: latent stage
No symptoms or clinical signs evident | In infectious diseases: incubation period
26
Characteristics of disease: prodromal period
Early development of the disease | Signs are nonspecific or absent
27
Characteristics of disease: manifestations
Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms - local (at sign) - systemic (general indicators of illness)
28
Characteristics of disease: signs
Objective indicators of disease
29
Characteristics of disease: symptoms
Subjective feelings
30
Characteristics of disease: lesions
Specific local change in tissue
31
Characteristics of disease: syndrome
Collection of s/s
32
Characteristics of disease: diagnostic tests
Various lab tests | Appropriate to manifestations and medical history
33
Characteristics of disease: remission and exacerbations
Mark course/progress of a disease Remission —> period when manifestations subside Exacerbation —> a worsening of severity
34
Characteristics of disease: precipitating factor
Condition that triggers an acute episode
35
Characteristics of disease: complications
New secondary or additional problems
36
Characteristics of disease: therapy
Measure to promote recovery / slow progress
37
Characteristics of disease: sequelae
Potential unwanted outcomes
38
Characteristics of disease: convalescence or rehabilitation
Period of recovery and return to healthy state
39
Disease prognosis: morbidity
Disease rates within a group
40
Disease prognosis: mortality
Relative number of deaths for a disease
41
Disease prognosis: autopsy
Post mortem examination
42
Disease prognosis: epidemiology
Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease | Major data collection centers: WHO and CDC
43
Disease prognosis: occurrence of the disease — incidence
Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period
44
Disease prognosis: prevalence
Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period
45
Disease prognosis: epidemics
A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within and AREA
46
Disease prognosis: pandemic
Higher number of infectious disease in many regions of the globe
47
Disease prognosis: communicable diseases
Infectious disease that can spread from one person to another
48
Disease prognosis: notifiable or reportable disease
Must be reported by the physician to designated authorities - authority varies with local jurisdiction - require diseases to be reported may change over time - reporting is intended to prevent further spread of the disease
49
Cellular adaptations:atrophy
Decrease in the size of cells | - results in reduced tissue mass
50
Cellular adaptations: hypertrophy
Increase in cell size | Results in enlarged tissue mass
51
Cellular adaptations: hyperplasia
Increase in cell number | Results in enlarged tissue
52
Metaplasia
Mature cell type of replaced by a different mature cell type
53
Dysplasia
Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue
54
Anaplasia
Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structure
55
Neoplasia
“New growth” - commonly called tumor
56
Apoptosis
Refers to programmed cell death | - normal occurrence in the body
57
Ischemia
Deficit of o2 in the cells
58
Hypoxia
Reduced o2 in tissues | Nutritional deficits
59
Pyroptosis
Results in lysis causing nearby inflammation
60
Physical damage
Excessive heat or cold | Radiation exposure
61
Mechanical damage
Pressure or tearing of tissue
62
Chemical toxins
``` Exogenous = from environment Endogenous = from inside the body ```
63
Microorganisms
Bacteria and viruses
64
Abnormal metabolites
Genetic disorders Inborn errors of metabolism Altered metabolism
65
Necrosis
Dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration
66
Cause of necrosis
Form of coagulation necrosis | Thick, yellowish, “cheesy” substance forms
67
Infarction
Area of dead cells as a result of o2 deprivation
68
Liquefaction necrosis
Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes
69
Coagulation necrosis
Cell proteins are altered or denatured - coagulation
70
Fat necrosis
Fat tissue broken down into fatty acids
71
Dry gangrene
Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria
72
decribe the stress response
a generalized or systeic response to a change | - internal or external
73
explain how severe or prolonged stress can cause dysfunction in the body
increase wear and tear on tissues exhaustion or resources exacerbation of chronic conditions
74
General adaption syndrome (GAS): alarm stage
mobilization of defenses - hypothalamus - sympathetic nervous system - adrenal glands
75
General adaption syndrome (GAS): resistance stage
elevation of hormone levels | - body systems operation at peak performance levels
76
General adaption syndrome (GAS): final stage
resolution of death
77
What are 5 significant effects of the stress response
1. Elevated BP and increase HR 2. bronchodilation and increased ventilation 3. increased BG levels 4. arousal of CNS 5. decreased inflammatory response and immune responses
78
specific diseases of the stress response: headache
may develop during or after stress response
79
specific diseases of the stress response: stomatitis
ulcers in mouth and necrotizing periodontal disease
80
specific diseases of the stress response: prolonged vasoconstriction
can impair function or necrosis in GI tract or kidneys
81
specific diseases of the stress response: precipitating factor
chronic infections | physical / emotions distress
82
effects of prolonged/severe stress: renal failure
prolonged severe vasoconstriction | ischemia causes cell damage
83
effects of prolonged/severe stress: stress ulcers
vasoconstriction and glucocorticoids | - decrease in mucosal regeneration and mucus production
84
effects of prolonged/severe stress: infection
depression of the inflammatory and immune responses
85
effects of prolonged/severe stress: slowed healing
following trauma surgery - increased secretion of glucocorticoid --> reduction in protein synthesis and tissue regeneration - increased catecholamine levels --> vasoconstriction, reduced nutrients and o2 to tissue
86
effects of prolonged/severe stress: PTSD
usually occurs within 3 months of event - may cause symptoms years later - high risk of developing dependence on drugs/alcohol

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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