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Anatomy > Chapter 1 and 3 Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1 and 3 Review Flashcards

1
Q

A nurse informed John that she was about to take blood from his antecubital region. What part of his body was she referring to?

A

Anterior elbow

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2
Q

Later the nurse came back and said that she was going to give John an antibiotic shot in his deltoid region. Where is this located?

A

The curve of his shoulder

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3
Q

Axillar region

A

Armpit

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4
Q

Cervical region

A

Neck

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5
Q

Scapular region

A

Back

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6
Q

Right brachial region

A

Arm (above or proximal to elbow)

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7
Q

Integumentary system

A

Skin/outer covering: waterproofs, cushions, protects. Ex: skin, hair, nails.

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8
Q

Skeletal system

A

Supports body/provides the framework. Ex: bones such as the femur.

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9
Q

Muscular system

A

Contracts and produces movement. Ex: skeletal muscles such as the bicep.

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10
Q

Nervous system

A

Fast-acting control system. Ex: brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

Slow-acting produces hormones. Ex: pancreas + thyroid

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12
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Uses blood as a transport vehicle to transport oxygen, nutrients, and hormones. Ex: heart and blood vessels.

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13
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Cleanse blood/return fluids back to blood. Ex: spleen, lymph vessels, and lymph nodes.

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14
Q

Respiratory system

A

Brings O2 into the body and removes CO2. Ex: pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs.

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15
Q

Digestive system

A

Breaks down food. Ex: esophagus, stomach, and intestines.

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16
Q

Urinary system

A

Excretion of nitrogen-containing waste. Ex: kidneys & bladder.

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17
Q

Reproductive system

A

Production of offspring. Ex: testes and ovaries.

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18
Q

In addition to being able to metabolize, grow, digest food, and excrete wastes, what other functions must an organism perform if it is to survive?

A

Maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, reproduction, and growth.

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19
Q

Oxygen is a survival need. Why is it so important?

A

O2 is required for chemical reactions to occur and you can only survive a few minutes without it.

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20
Q

A newborn baby is unable to hold down any milk. Examination reveals a developmental disorder in which the esophagus fails to connect to the stomach. What survival needs are most immediately threatened?

A

Nutrients + excretion of waste.

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21
Q

When we say that the body demonstrates homeostasis, do we mean that conditions in the body are unchanging?

A

No; simply means that the body tries to maintain a dynamic equilibrium. Constantly shifting to keep levels as balanced as possible.

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22
Q

When we begin to become dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink liquids. Is the thirst sensation part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?

A

Negative feedback loop. As soon as drinking occurs, thirst is quenched. If it were a positive feedback loop we would keep drinking water past the point of being thirsty.

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23
Q

The eyes are __________ to the brain

A

Anterior

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24
Q

The nose is __________ to the shoulders

A

Superior

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25
Q

My toes are ____________ to my femur.

A

Distal

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26
Q

My elbow is _________ to my wrist

A

Proximal

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27
Q

My lungs are ___________ to my small intestine

A

Superior

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28
Q

The skin is __________ to the muscles

A

Superficial

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29
Q

The bone is _________ to the skin

A

Deep

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30
Q

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts is called the?

A

Frontal/coronal

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31
Q

The cranial cavity is part of the _________ cavity.

A

Dorsal

32
Q

The thoracic cavity is part of the _________ cavity

A

Ventral

33
Q

The ____________ cavity is directly inferior to the diaphragm.

A

Abdominopelvic

34
Q

Anatomy

A

The structure of the body

35
Q

Physiology

A

The function of the body

36
Q

Levels of structure/organization

A

Chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - organ system - organism

37
Q

General characteristics of epithelial tissue

A

Widespread throughout the body, forms the covering of all body surfaces, lines cavities, hollow organs, and major glands.

38
Q

Most important functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.

39
Q

Where is ciliated epithelium found, and what role does it play?

A

Ciliated epithelium moves particles or fluid over epithelial surfaces inside the trachea, brachial tubes, and nasal cavities (always near goblet cells).

40
Q

Where in the body might you find stratified epithelium and why?

A

Anywhere with abrasion or needed for protection.

41
Q

Where in the body might you find simple epithelium and why?

A

Any plane that is needed for quick diffusion, secretion, or absorption.

42
Q

Since epithelial tissues are avascular, how do these tissues receive nourishment?

A

Simple diffusion: particles move from areas of high concentration to low concentration.

43
Q

How do connective tissues differ significantly from other tissues?

A

CT is found between other tissues. All CTs contain 3 components: fibers, ground substance, and cells.

44
Q

General characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • Contain an extracellular matrix
  • Cells scattered in matrix
  • Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
45
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues? How are their functions (physiology) reflected in their structures (anatomy)?

A
  1. Bind/support
  2. Protect
  3. Insulate
  4. Fuel reserve
  5. Transport
46
Q

What is the function of muscle tissue?

A

Contract, mobility, stability, posture, organ protection, and temperature regulation.

47
Q

Characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

A
  • Voluntarily controlled
  • Banded (striated) appearance
  • Multinucleate
  • Found attached to bones
  • Allows you to direct your eyeballs
  • Contains long, non-branching cylindrical cells
  • Concerned with locomotion of the body as a whole
48
Q

Characteristics of cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • Involuntarily controlled
  • Banded (striated) appearance
  • Single nucleus in each cell
  • Contains cylindrical cells with branching ends
  • Displays intercalated discs
  • Tissue of the circulatory pump
49
Q

Characteristics of smooth muscle tissue

A
  • Involuntarily controlled
  • Single nucleus in each cell
  • Found in the walls of the stomach, uterus, and arteries
  • Contains spindle-shaped cells
  • Changes the internal volume of an organ as it contracts
50
Q

Structurally, neurons are very different from other cells. How does their structure (anatomy) relate to their function (physiology)?

A

Neurons send and receive signals. Structurally, they have projections off of their cell bodies (dendrites and axons) to receive and send these messages.

51
Q

What is the difference between a nerve cell (neuron) and the support cells of the nervous system?

A

Nerve cells send and receive electrical signals or impulses. Glial cells do not; they insulate, protect, and nourish nerve cells.

52
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelium found and its function?

A

Lungs for diffusion

53
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found and its function?

A

Kidney tubules and ducts of small glands for secretion and absorption

54
Q

Where is simple columnar epithelium found and its function?

A

Digestive tract for absorption of nutrients and secretion of mucus and digestive enzymes.

55
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found and its function?

A

Trachea and upper respiratory tract for secretion and propulsion of mucus.

56
Q

Where is stratified squamous epithelium found and its function?

A

Skin for protection from abrasion.

57
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found and its function?

A

Bladder to stretch and contract easily.

58
Q

Where is areolar connective tissue found and its function?

A

Widely distributed under epithelium for cushioning organs.

59
Q

Where is adipose connective tissue found and its function?

A

Fat of the body; under skin, abdomen, and breast. Protects, insulates, and fuel reserve.

60
Q

Where is reticular connective tissue found and its function?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow for forming internal skeleton.

61
Q

Where is dense regular connective tissue found and its function?

A

Tendons/ligaments for attaching muscle to bone or bone to bone.

62
Q

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found and its function?

A

Dermis of skin and capsule around organs and joints for withstanding tension in many directions.

63
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage connective tissue found and its function?

A

Ends of long bones and ribs for supporting and reinforcing.

64
Q

Where is elastic cartilage connective tissue found and its function?

A

External ear and epiglottis for allowing flexibility.

65
Q

Where is bone (osseous) connective tissue found and its function?

A

Bones for providing levers for muscles, protecting, supporting, and storing minerals.

66
Q

Where is blood connective tissue found and its function?

A

Blood vessels for transporting gases.

67
Q

Where is skeletal muscle tissue found and its function?

A

Muscles attached to bone for voluntary movement.

68
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found and its function?

A

Walls of the heart for propelling blood.

69
Q

Where is smooth muscle tissue found and its function?

A

Walls of hollow organs for propelling foodstuffs.

70
Q

Where is nervous tissue found and its function?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves for transmitting electrical impulses.

71
Q

What is the strongest fiber type: collagen, elastin, or cartilage?

A

Collagen

72
Q

Which fiber type is a highly elastic protein that allows tissues to resume their shape after stretching or contracting?

A

Elastin

73
Q

What are goblet cells and what kind of tissue are they typically found in?

A

Goblet cells secrete mucus found in epithelial tissue.

74
Q

What are the four main types of tissue?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

75
Q

What is histology?

A

The study of tissue

76
Q

What are the similarities and differences between the apical surface and basal surface (basement membrane)?

A

Apical surface = the free surface expanded to air or outside world or inside of a hollow tube. Basal surface = connected to connective tissue.

77
Q

Describe the matrix. What type of tissue is it found in?

A

The matrix is the non-living component of connective tissue. It is made of water, dissolved proteins, and fiber. The extracellular matrix is found in connective tissue.

Anatomy (13 decks)

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