Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
(U) One of the nitrogen bases in RNA but not in DNA.
A
uracil (U)
2
Q
A 3-carbon alcohol, with three OH groups that serve as binding sites
A
glycerol
3
Q
A 5-carbon monosaccharide found in RNA
A
ribose
4
Q
A 5-carbon sugar that is an important component of DNA
A
deoxyribose
5
Q
A 6-carbon sugar such as glucose and fructose
A
hexose
6
Q
A bond that joins monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polymers
A
glycosidic bonds
7
Q
A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two atoms
A
covalent bonds
8
Q
A chemical bond in which electrons are transferred and not shared between atoms.
A
ionic bonds
9
Q
A class of lipids that compose a major structural component of cell membranes
A
phospholipid
10
Q
A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explain or account for a natural event
A
theory
11
Q
A compound containing primarily carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio
A
carbohydrates
12
Q
A concocted word to denote “proteinaceous infectious agent”; a cytopathic protein associated with the slow-virus spongiform encephalopathies of humans and animals.
A
prion
13
Q
A discovery made through experience, not planned experimentation
A
empirical
14
Q
A dissolving medium
A
solvent
15
Q
A distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms
A
molecule
16
Q
A field involving deliberate alterations (recombinations) of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes
A
Genetic engineering
17
Q
A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells
A
glycocalyx
18
Q
A general term for the totality of chemical and physical processes occurring in a cell
A
metabolism
19
Q
A glucose polymer stored by cells
A
glycogen
20
Q
A group of single-celled, eukaryotic organisms
A
protozoa
21
Q
A large protein molecule evoked in response to an antigen that interacts specifically with that antigen
A
antibody
22
Q
A link formed between molecules when two or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons
A
chemical bond
23
Q
A living thing ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; an organism of microscopic size
A
microorganism
24
Q
A long, fibrous polymer composed of β-glucose; one of the most common substances on earth
A
cellulose
25
A macromolecule made up of a chain of repeating units. Examples: starch, protein, DNA
polymers
26
A member of the domain Eukarya whose cells have a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; includes plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae
eukaryote
27
A microbe that has no nucleus
akaryote
28
A mixture of one or more substances (solutes) that cannot be separated by filtration or ordinary settling
solution
29
A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall.
lipopolysaccharide
30
A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms per molecule. Examples: arabinose, ribose, xylose
pentose
31
A more specific name for a virus when it is outside of its host cells
virus particle
32
A negatively charged ion
anion
33
A negatively charged subatomic particle that is distributed around the nucleus in an atom
electron
34
A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria.
Peptidoglycan
35
A nitrogen base that is an important encoding component of DNA and RNA. The two most common are adenine and guanine
purines
36
A nucleotide that is the primary source of energy to cells
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
37
A polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers
starch
38
A polysaccharide found in seaweed and commonly used to prepare solid culture media.
agar
39
A polysaccharide similar to cellulose in chemical structure. This polymer makes up the horny substance of the exoskeletons of arthropods and certain fungi.
chitin
40
A positively charged ion
cations
41
A process in which water is used to break bonds in molecules. Usually occurs in conjunction with an enzyme
hydrolysis
42
A process occurring in plants, algae, and some bacteria that traps the sun's energy and converts it to ATP in the cell. This energy is used to fix CO2 into organic compounds.
photosynthesis
43
A protein biocatalyst that facilitates metabolic reactions
enzyme
44
A relatively large chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide
45
A ringed compound of which pyrimidines and purines are types
nitrogen base
46
A set system for scientifically naming organisms, enzymes, anatomical structures, and so on
Nomenclature
47
A simple molecule that can be linked by chemical bonds to form larger molecules
monomers
48
A simple sugar such as glucose that is a basic building block for more complex carbohydrates
monosaccharide
49
A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function
organelle
50
A small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function
organelles
51
A solution with a pH value above 7 on the pH scale
basic
52
A solution with a pH value below 7 on the pH scale
acidic
53
A specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification, including bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses.
microbiology
54
A substance comprising only one kind of atom that cannot be degraded into two or more substances without losing its chemical characteristics
elements
55
A substance that alters the rate of a reaction without being consumed or permanently changed by it.
catalyst
56
A substance that is uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium or solvent
solute
57
A sugar containing two monosaccharides. Example: sucrose (fructose + glucose)
disaccharide
58
A sulfide-containing amino acid that usually produces covalent disulfide bonds in an amino acid sequence, contributing to the tertiary structure of the protein
cysteine
59
A technology, also known as genetic engineering, that deliberately modifies the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products, microbes, animals, plants, and viruses.
recombinant DNA technology
60
A tentative explanation of what has been observed or measured
hypothesis
61
A term that designates all parasitic worms
helminth
62
A term used to describe a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as benzene and chloroform. Lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes
lipid
63
A term used to describe an electrically neutral molecule formed by covalent bonds between atoms that have the same or similar electronegativity
nonpolar
64
A theory first originating in the 1800s that proposed that microorganisms can be the cause of diseases. The concept is actually so well established in the present time that it is considered a fact.
germ theory of disease
65
A type of lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bound to three fatty acids
triglycerides
66
A version of an element that is virtually identical in all chemical properties to another version except that their atoms have slightly different atomic masses
istotope
67
A weak chemical bond formed by the attraction of forces between molecules or atoms—in this case, hydrogen and either oxygen or nitrogen. In this type of bond, electrons are not shared, lost, or gained.
hydrogen bond
68
All tangible materials that occupy space and have mass.
matter
69
An acidic salt containing phosphorus and oxygen that is an essential inorganic component of DNA, RNA, and ATP
phosphate
70
An electrically neutral particle in the nuclei of all atoms except hydrogen
neutron
71
An elementary particle that carries a positive charge. It is identical to the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
protons
72
An elementary virus particle in its complete morphological and thus infectious form. A virion consists of the nucleic acid core surrounded by a capsid, which can be enclosed in an envelope
virion
73
An individual membrane-bound living entity; the smallest unit capable of an independent existence
cell
74
An unattached, charged particle
ion
75
Any agent (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease
pathogens
76
Any compound that ionizes in solution and conducts current in an electrical field
electrolytes
77
Category of prokaryotes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls and circular chromosome(s). This group of small cells is widely distributed in the earth's habitats.
bacteria (singular, bacterium)
78
cholesterol
Best-known member of a group of lipids called steroids. Cholesterol is commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones
cholesterol
79
Completely free of all life forms, including spores and viruses.
sterile
80
Decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes or consortia of microbes
bioremediation
81
During the formation of a carbohydrate bond, the step in which one carbon molecule gives up its OH group and the other loses the H from its OH group, thereby producing a water molecule. This process is common to all polymerization reactions
dehydration synthesis
82
Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter.
spontaneous generation
83
In a chemical reaction, the substance(s) that is(are) left after a reaction is completed
product(s)
84
In chemistry, a particular molecular combination that reacts in predictable ways and confers particular properties on a compound. Examples: —COOH, —OH, —CHO
functional groups
85
In the levels of classification, a midlevel division of organisms that groups more closely related organisms than previous levels. An order is divided into families
family
86
In the levels of classification, the broadest general category to which an organism is assigned. Members share only one or a few general characteristics.
domain
87
In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows phylum
class
88
In the levels of classification, the division of organisms that follows class. Increasing similarity may be noticed among organisms assigned to the same order
order
89
In the levels of classification, the most specific level of organization
species
90
In the levels of classification, the second division from more general to more specific. Each domain is divided into these.
kingdom
91
In the levels of classification, the second most specific level. A family is divided into several genera
genus
92
In the levels of classification, the third level of classification from general to more specific. Each kingdom is divided into numerous phyla. Sometimes referred to as a division
phylum
93
Initial protein organization described by type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain. The primary structure varies extensively from protein to protein.
primary (1°) structure
94
Invisible to the naked eye
microscopic
95
Large, molecular compounds assembled from smaller subunits, most notably biochemicals
macromolecules
96
Macroscopic and microscopic heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that can be uni- or multicellular
fungi
97
Methods of handling microbial cultures, patient specimens, and other sources of microbes in a way that prevents infection of the handler and others who may be exposed
aseptic technique
98
Microscopic, acellular agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
virus
99
Molecule composed of short chains of amino acids, such as a dipeptide (two amino acids), a tripeptide (three), and a tetrapeptide (four)
peptide
100
Molecules entering or starting a chemical reaction
reactants
101
Molecules that are a combination of two or more different elements
compounds
102
Molecules that contain the basic framework of the elements carbon and hydrogen
organic chemicals
103
Molecules that lack the basic framework of the elements of carbon and hydrogen
inorganic chemicals
104
Most complex protein structure characterized by the formation of large, multiunit proteins by more than one of the polypeptides. This structure is typical of antibodies and some enzymes that act in cell synthesis.
quaternary (4°) structure
105
Nitrogen bases that help form the genetic code on DNA and RNA. Uracil, thymine, and cytosine are the most important.
pyrimidines
106
One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Characterized by its 6-carbon structure
glucose
107
One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Commonly found in milk
lactose
108
One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Common table or cane sugar
sucrose
109
One of the carbohydrates commonly referred to as sugars. Fructose is commonly fruit sugars
fructose
110
One of the carbohydrates referred to as sugars. A fermentable sugar formed from starch
maltose
111
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA in the purine form.
guanine (G)
112
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a purine form
adenine (A)
113
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA and RNA, with a pyrimidine form.
cytosine (C)
114
One of the nitrogen bases found in DNA but not in RNA. Thymine is in a pyrimidine form
thymine (T)
115
One of the three domains (sometimes called superkingdoms) of living organisms, as proposed by Woese; contains all eukaryotic organisms.
Eukarya
116
Organism visible to the naked eye
macroorganism
117
Predominant organic molecule in cells, formed by long chains of amino acids
protein
118
Present everywhere at the same time
ubiquitous
119
Principles and procedures for the systematic pursuit of knowledge, involving the recognition and formulation of a problem, the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of a hypothesis
scientific method
120
Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats
archaea
121
Protein structure that occurs when the functional groups on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds. These bonds cause the amino acid chain either to twist, forming a helix, or to pleat into an accordion pattern called a β-pleated sheet
secondary (2°) structure
122
Protein structure that results from additional bonds forming between functional groups in a secondary structure, creating a three-dimensional mass
tertiary structure
123
Relating to a compound that has contrasting characteristics, such as hydrophilic-hydrophobic or acid-base
amphipathic
124
Scientific method of assigning names to organisms that employs two names to identify every organism—genus name plus species name.
binomial system
125
Scientific principle that states that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years, and these changes are expressed in structural and functional adaptations in each organism. Presumes that those traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on to following generations, and those traits that do not favor survival are lost.
evolution
126
Scientific term for sugar. Refers to a simple carbohydrate with a sweet taste
saccharide
127
Taxonomic categories.
taxa
128
Term to describe a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges. Such a molecule has a negative pole and a positive pole
polar
129
The aqueous dissociation of an electrolyte into ions
ionization
130
The basic structural unit of DNA and RNA; each nucleotide consists of a phosphate, a sugar (ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA), and a nitrogenous base such as adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (DNA only), or uracil (RNA only).
nucleotide
131
The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life
abiogenesis
132
The breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycle of living things
decomposition
133
The building blocks of protein. Exist in 20 naturally occurring forms that impart different characteristics to the various proteins they compose
amino acids
134
The combining power of an atom based upon the number of electrons it can either take on or give up.
valence
135
The covalent union between two amino acids that forms between the amine group of one and the carboxyl group of the other. The basic bond of proteins
peptide bond
136
The evidence cited to explain how evolution occurs.
Evolution is the scientific principle that states that living things change gradually through hundreds of millions of years, and these changes are expressed in structural and functional adaptations in each organism. Evolution presumes that those traits that favor survival are preserved and passed on to following generations, and those traits that do not favor survival are lost.
theory of evolution
137
The expression of the amount of a solute dissolved in a certain amount of solvent. It may be defined by weight, volume, or percentage.
concentration
138
The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
taxonomy
139
The nucleic acid often referred to as the "double helix." DNA carries the master plan for an organism's heredity
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
140
The nucleic acid often referred to as the "double helix." DNA carries the master plan for an organism's heredity
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
141
The pathways of electrons as they rotate around the nucleus of an atom
orbital
142
The process of combining an acid and a base until they reach a balanced proportion, with a pH value close to 7
neutralization
143
The property of attracting water
hydrophilic
144
The property of repelling water
hydrophobic
145
The smallest particle of an element to retain all the properties of that element
atom
146
The study of organic compounds produced by (or components of) living things. The four main categories of biochemicals are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
biochemistry
147
The symbol for the negative logarithm of the H ion concentration; p (power) or [H+]10. A system for rating acidity and alkalinity
pH
148
The tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons.
electronegativity
149
Weak attractive interactions between molecules of low polarity
van der Waals forces
150
When capitalized (Archaea), the term refers to one of the three domains of living organisms as proposed by Woese.
Archaea
151
When capitalized can refer to one of the three domains of living organisms proposed by Woese, containing all nonarchaea prokaryotes.
Bacteria
