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Microbiology 205 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

A

cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

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2
Q

A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material

A

bacterial chromosomes or nucleoid

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3
Q

A bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleoprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in so doing, constitutes the peptide assembly site.

A

ribosome

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4
Q

Dense fluid encased by the cell membrane; the site of many of the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell

A

endospore

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6
Q

A complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat

A

biofilm

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7
Q

Term referring to microbes that are free-floating in a liquid medium

A

planktonic

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8
Q

A spherical-shaped bacterial cell

A

coccus

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9
Q

One of the basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus (round), rod (bacillus), or curved

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10
Q

One of the basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus (round), rod (bacillus), or curved

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11
Q

Groups of four

A

tetrads

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12
Q

A cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

A

sarcina

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13
Q

Accessory structures that sprout from the surface of bacteria. They can be divided into two major groups: those that provide motility and those that enable adhesion

A

appendages

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14
Q

A structure that is used to propel the organism through a fluid environment

A

flagellum

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15
Q

Self-propulsion

A

motility

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16
Q

A helical structure composed of proteins that is part of bacterial flagella

A

filament

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17
Q

Term to describe a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges. Such a molecule has a negative pole and a positive pole

A

polar

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18
Q

Describing a microorganism that bears a single flagellum

A

monotrichous

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19
Q

Describing bacteria having a tuft of flagella at one or both poles

A

lophotrichous

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20
Q

Having a single flagellum or a tuft of flagella at opposite poles of a microbial cell

A

amphitrichous

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21
Q

In bacterial morphology, having flagella distributed over the entire cell

A

peritrichous

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22
Q

The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli)

A

chemotaxis

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23
Q

Bacteria moving towards a stimulus in a straight line

A

run

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24
Q

The way that bacteria move when they are not attracted to a substance

A

tumble

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25
The movement of organisms in response to light
phototaxis
26
A type of flagellum (called an endoflagellum) that lies in the periplasmic space of spirochetes and is responsible for locomotion.
axial filaments or periplasmic flagellum
27
Long, tubular structures made of pilin protein produced by gram-negative bacteria and used for conjugation.
pili (singular pilus)
28
A short, numerous-surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion
fimbria
29
A class of protein that makes up bacterial pili
pilin
30
In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans
conjugation
31
Single layer of thousands of copies of a single type of protein linked together on the surface of a bacterial cell that is produced when the cell is in a hostile environment
s layer
32
A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells
glycocalyx
33
A diffuse, unorganized layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins on the outside of some bacteria
slime layer
34
In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence
capsule
35
A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet mordant retention, whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain
gram stain
36
A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with a thick cell wall and no outer membrane
gram-positive
37
A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with an outer membrane, a cytoplasmic membrane, and a thin cell wall
gram-negative
38
In bacteria, a rigid structure made of peptidoglycan that lies just outside the cytoplasmic membrane;
cell wall
39
A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria
peptidoglycan
40
A type of carbohydrate or polysaccharide that is combined with another organic molecule such as a lipid or protein; examples include peptidoglycan and glycocalyx
glygan
41
The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell
lysis
42
Anionic polymers containing glycerol that appear in the walls of gram-positive bacteria
teichoic acid
43
lipoteichoic acid
44
A thick, waxy, long-chain fatty acid found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium and Nocardia that confers resistance to chemicals and dyes
mycolic acid
45
A solution containing carbol fuchsin, which, when bound to lipids in the envelopes of Mycobacterium species, cannot be removed with an acid wash
acid-fast stain
46
Normal variability of cell shapes in a single species
pleomorphism
47
V
cell membrane
48
Lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm of bacterial cells
cytoplasmic membrane
49
The passage of nutrients across a membrane
transport
50
Describes a property of cell membranes in which certain substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances cannot pass through unaided and require special carrier proteins in order to enter or exit the cell
selectively permeable
51
An additional membrane possessed by gram-negative bacteria; a lipid bilayer containing specialized proteins and polysaccharides. It lies outside of the cell wall
outer membrane
52
A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall.
lipopolysaccharide
53
A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever
endotoxin
54
Transmembrane protein of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells that permits transport of small molecules into the periplasmic space but bars the penetration of larger molecules
porin
55
Dense fluid encased by the cell membrane; the site of many of the cell's biochemical and synthetic activities
cytoplasm
56
A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material.
bacterial chromosome
57
The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome
nucleoid
58
Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. It is is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not essential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria
plasmids
59
A bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleoprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in so doing, constitutes the peptide assembly site
ribosome
60
A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product
inclusion bodies or inclusions
61
A type of inclusion in storage compartments of some bacteria that stain a contrasting color when treated with colored dyes
metachromatic granules
62
Protein component of long filaments of protein arranged under the cell membrane of bacteria; contributes to cell shape and division
actin
63
A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers
endospore
64
The process of spore formation
sporulation
65
dipicolinic acid An organic acid found in the walls of endospores; contributes to their extreme resistance to chemicals, drying, and heat
dipicolinic acid
66
A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple cell cleavage
sporangium
67
Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats
archaea
68
Methane producers
methanogens
69
A microorganism that thrives at low temperature (0°C–20°C), with a temperature optimum of 0°C–15°C
psychrophile
70
An organism whose optimal growth temperature is above 80°C (176°F), with a temperature range from 60°C to 113°C (140°F to 235°F)
hyperthermophile
71
The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.
phenotype
72
Taxonomic category of bacteria that have gram-negative envelopes
Gracilicutes
73
Taxonomic category of bacteria that have gram-positive cell envelopes
Firmicutes
74
Taxonomic category of bacteria that lack cell walls
Tenericutes
75
Taxonomic category of bacteria that have unusual cell walls; archaea
Mendosicutes
76
A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2)
aerobe
77
A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.
anaerobe
78
Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations; not obligate. Example: the presence of oxygen is not obligatory for a facultative anaerobe to grow. See obligate
facultative
79
Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics; also known as a bacterial type
subspecies
80
In microbiology, a set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retain the original characteristics. Any deviation from the original is a different strain
strain
81
The subdivision of a species or subspecies into an immunologic type, based upon antigenic characteristics
serotyping

Microbiology 205 (5 decks)

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