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Microbiology 205 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

A

cytoplasmic (cell) membrane

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2
Q

A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material

A

bacterial chromosomes or nucleoid

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3
Q

A bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleoprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in so doing, constitutes the peptide assembly site.

A

ribosome

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4
Q

Dense fluid encased by the cell membrane; the site of many of the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell

A

endospore

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6
Q

A complex association that arises from a mixture of microorganisms growing together on the surface of a habitat

A

biofilm

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7
Q

Term referring to microbes that are free-floating in a liquid medium

A

planktonic

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8
Q

A spherical-shaped bacterial cell

A

coccus

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9
Q

One of the basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus (round), rod (bacillus), or curved

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10
Q

One of the basic shapes of bacteria

A

coccus (round), rod (bacillus), or curved

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11
Q

Groups of four

A

tetrads

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12
Q

A cubical packet of 8, 16, or more cells

A

sarcina

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13
Q

Accessory structures that sprout from the surface of bacteria. They can be divided into two major groups: those that provide motility and those that enable adhesion

A

appendages

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14
Q

A structure that is used to propel the organism through a fluid environment

A

flagellum

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15
Q

Self-propulsion

A

motility

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16
Q

A helical structure composed of proteins that is part of bacterial flagella

A

filament

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17
Q

Term to describe a molecule with an asymmetrical distribution of charges. Such a molecule has a negative pole and a positive pole

A

polar

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18
Q

Describing a microorganism that bears a single flagellum

A

monotrichous

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19
Q

Describing bacteria having a tuft of flagella at one or both poles

A

lophotrichous

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20
Q

Having a single flagellum or a tuft of flagella at opposite poles of a microbial cell

A

amphitrichous

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21
Q

In bacterial morphology, having flagella distributed over the entire cell

A

peritrichous

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22
Q

The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient (toward an attractant or to avoid adverse stimuli)

A

chemotaxis

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23
Q

Bacteria moving towards a stimulus in a straight line

A

run

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24
Q

The way that bacteria move when they are not attracted to a substance

A

tumble

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25
Q

The movement of organisms in response to light

A

phototaxis

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26
Q

A type of flagellum (called an endoflagellum) that lies in the periplasmic space of spirochetes and is responsible for locomotion.

A

axial filaments or periplasmic flagellum

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27
Q

Long, tubular structures made of pilin protein produced by gram-negative bacteria and used for conjugation.

A

pili (singular pilus)

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28
Q

A short, numerous-surface appendage on some bacteria that provides adhesion but not locomotion

A

fimbria

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29
Q

A class of protein that makes up bacterial pili

A

pilin

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30
Q

In bacteria, the contact between donor and recipient cells associated with the transfer of genetic material such as plasmids. Can involve special (sex) pili. Also a form of sexual recombination in ciliated protozoans

A

conjugation

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31
Q

Single layer of thousands of copies of a single type of protein linked together on the surface of a bacterial cell that is produced when the cell is in a hostile environment

A

s layer

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32
Q

A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells

A

glycocalyx

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33
Q

A diffuse, unorganized layer of polysaccharides and/or proteins on the outside of some bacteria

A

slime layer

34
Q

In bacteria, the loose, gel-like covering or slime made chiefly of polysaccharides. This layer is protective and can be associated with virulence

A

capsule

35
Q

A differential stain for bacteria useful in identification and taxonomy. Gram-positive organisms appear purple from crystal violet mordant retention, whereas gram-negative organisms appear red after loss of crystal violet and absorbance of the safranin counterstain

A

gram stain

36
Q

A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with a thick cell wall and no outer membrane

A

gram-positive

37
Q

A category of bacterial cells that describes bacteria with an outer membrane, a cytoplasmic membrane, and a thin cell wall

A

gram-negative

38
Q

In bacteria, a rigid structure made of peptidoglycan that lies just outside the cytoplasmic membrane;

A

cell wall

39
Q

A network of polysaccharide chains cross-linked by short peptides that forms the rigid part of bacterial cell walls. Gram-negative bacteria have a smaller amount of this rigid structure than do gram-positive bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

40
Q

A type of carbohydrate or polysaccharide that is combined with another organic molecule such as a lipid or protein; examples include peptidoglycan and glycocalyx

A

glygan

41
Q

The physical rupture or deterioration of a cell

A

lysis

42
Q

Anionic polymers containing glycerol that appear in the walls of gram-positive bacteria

A

teichoic acid

43
Q
A

lipoteichoic acid

44
Q

A thick, waxy, long-chain fatty acid found in the cell wall of Mycobacterium and Nocardia that confers resistance to chemicals and dyes

A

mycolic acid

45
Q

A solution containing carbol fuchsin, which, when bound to lipids in the envelopes of Mycobacterium species, cannot be removed with an acid wash

A

acid-fast stain

46
Q

Normal variability of cell shapes in a single species

A

pleomorphism

47
Q

V

A

cell membrane

48
Q

Lipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm of bacterial cells

A

cytoplasmic membrane

49
Q

The passage of nutrients across a membrane

A

transport

50
Q

Describes a property of cell membranes in which certain substances are able to pass through the membrane, while other substances cannot pass through unaided and require special carrier proteins in order to enter or exit the cell

A

selectively permeable

51
Q

An additional membrane possessed by gram-negative bacteria; a lipid bilayer containing specialized proteins and polysaccharides. It lies outside of the cell wall

A

outer membrane

52
Q

A molecular complex of lipid and carbohydrate found in the bacterial cell wall.

A

lipopolysaccharide

53
Q

A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released (as is exotoxin). Endotoxin is composed of a phospholipid-polysaccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Endotoxins can cause severe shock and fever

A

endotoxin

54
Q

Transmembrane protein of the outer membrane of gram-negative cells that permits transport of small molecules into the periplasmic space but bars the penetration of larger molecules

A

porin

55
Q

Dense fluid encased by the cell membrane; the site of many of the cell’s biochemical and synthetic activities

A

cytoplasm

56
Q

A circular body in bacteria that contains the primary genetic material.

A

bacterial chromosome

57
Q

The basophilic nuclear region or nuclear body that contains the bacterial chromosome

A

nucleoid

58
Q

Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features. It is is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates independently of the cell chromosome; it bears genes that are not essential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria

A

plasmids

59
Q

A bilobed macromolecular complex of ribonucleoprotein that coordinates the codons of mRNA with tRNA anticodons and, in so doing, constitutes the peptide assembly site

A

ribosome

60
Q

A relatively inert body in the cytoplasm such as storage granules, glycogen, fat, or some other aggregated metabolic product

A

inclusion bodies or inclusions

61
Q

A type of inclusion in storage compartments of some bacteria that stain a contrasting color when treated with colored dyes

A

metachromatic granules

62
Q

Protein component of long filaments of protein arranged under the cell membrane of bacteria; contributes to cell shape and division

A

actin

63
Q

A small, dormant, resistant derivative of a bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions into a vegetative cell. The bacterial genera Bacillus and Clostridium are typical sporeformers

A

endospore

64
Q

The process of spore formation

A

sporulation

65
Q

dipicolinic acid
An organic acid found in the walls of endospores; contributes to their extreme resistance to chemicals, drying, and heat

A

dipicolinic acid

66
Q

A fungal cell in which asexual spores are formed by multiple cell cleavage

A

sporangium

67
Q

Prokaryotic single-celled organisms of primitive origin that have unusual anatomy, physiology, and genetics and live in harsh habitats

A

archaea

68
Q

Methane producers

A

methanogens

69
Q

A microorganism that thrives at low temperature (0°C–20°C), with a temperature optimum of 0°C–15°C

A

psychrophile

70
Q

An organism whose optimal growth temperature is above 80°C (176°F), with a temperature range from 60°C to 113°C (140°F to 235°F)

A

hyperthermophile

71
Q

The observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction between its genetic potential (genotype) and the environment.

A

phenotype

72
Q

Taxonomic category of bacteria that have gram-negative envelopes

A

Gracilicutes

73
Q

Taxonomic category of bacteria that have gram-positive cell envelopes

A

Firmicutes

74
Q

Taxonomic category of bacteria that lack cell walls

A

Tenericutes

75
Q

Taxonomic category of bacteria that have unusual cell walls; archaea

A

Mendosicutes

76
Q

A microorganism that lives and grows in the presence of free gaseous oxygen (O2)

A

aerobe

77
Q

A microorganism that grows best, or exclusively, in the absence of oxygen.

A

anaerobe

78
Q

Pertaining to the capacity of microbes to adapt or adjust to variations; not obligate. Example: the presence of oxygen is not obligatory for a facultative anaerobe to grow. See obligate

A

facultative

79
Q

Bacteria of the same species that have differing characteristics; also known as a bacterial type

A

subspecies

80
Q

In microbiology, a set of descendants cloned from a common ancestor that retain the original characteristics. Any deviation from the original is a different strain

A

strain

81
Q

The subdivision of a species or subspecies into an immunologic type, based upon antigenic characteristics

A

serotyping

Microbiology 205 (5 decks)

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