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GCSE Biology Yr 10 > Chapter 1- Cell biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Cell biology Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Why are cells needed for growth?

A

We need more cells as we grow, and some cells become damaged or weakened over time, so we require new ones to replace those.

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2
Q

Why do we need cells for development?

A

We need new cell types as we develop new tissues within our body.

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3
Q

Why do we need cells for repairing?

A

We loose cells each day, and so we need new cells to replace the lost ones.

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4
Q

What is the cell cycle?

A

The series of steps that takes place as a cell grows and then divides.

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5
Q

What are the steps of the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1 phase, Cellular growth- The cell gets larger and produces more sub-cellular structures, such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
  2. S phase, Synthesis - DNA synthesis replicates chromosomes so that each consists of two arms ( copies)
  3. G2 phase, Growth 2- Metabolic changes assemble all the cell material necessary for mitosis and cytokinesis.
    ALL THE PHASES SBOVE ARE KNOWN AS AN INTERPHASE.
  4. Mitosis- Nucleus divides
  5. Cytokinesis- the cells cytoplasm and membrane divide, creating two genetically identical “daughter” cells.
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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes do human cells have?

A

23 pairs.

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do human cells have in total?

A

46

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8
Q

cells created by mitosis are what?

A

Genetically identical to eachother.

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9
Q

When a cell divides, how many cells are produced?

A

2

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10
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

1.Once the cells contents and DNA has been copied, the chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell and cell fibers pull them apart. Two arms of each chromosome goes to opposite ends of the cell.
2. Membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes, these become the nuclei of the two new cells.
3. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide.
4. Two genetically identical daughter cells have been produced.

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11
Q

What is mitosis?

A

the process in the cell cycle when the cell divides to produce two genetically identical daughter cells.

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12
Q

Name two types of stem cells found in animals

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

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13
Q

What are two key features of stem cells?

A

They can divide by mitosis to form more cells.
The can differentiate into specialized cells.

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14
Q

What is the process of an embryonic stem cell?

A
  1. When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell they form a single cell called a zygote.
  2. This cell then divides by mitosis to form a ball of cells which we call an embryo.
    3.The cells in this embryo are known as embryonic stem cells and can differentiate into any type of cell.
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15
Q

Can adult stem cells divide by mitosis?

A

Yes

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16
Q

Can adult stem cells differentiate into all types of specialized cell?

A

No

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17
Q

What are some examples of specialized cells that stem cells can differentiate into?

A

Skin cells, blood cells and nerve cells.

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18
Q

What cells can adult stem cells differentiate into?

A

All the blood cells (red and white blood cells, and plasma)

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19
Q

Where in the body are adult stem cells found?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the plant tissues called that are continually growing and contain stem cells?

A

Meristems

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21
Q

Which parts of the plant contain meristems?

A

Tips of the shoots and tips of the roots.

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22
Q

Do plant stem cells persist for the plants entire life?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What can stem cells help treat?

A

Paralysis, baldness, blindness, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, blindness and deafness. (More too!)

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24
Q

What can stem cells from plant meristems help produce?

A

New plant clones for research, horticulture and agriculture.

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25
What is an iPS cell?
An induced pluripotent stem cell, is a cell from a person that is genetically reprogrammed in a lab. The modified cells begin to gain the ability to self-renew and differentiate like embryonic stem cells can.
26
Where else can you obtain adult stem cells?
Brain, dental pulp, spinal cord and umbilical chord.
27
What is the problem in type 1 diabetes?
The pancreas is damaged and no longer produces insulin.
28
Paralysis is when…?
Nerve cells are damaged and so messages can no longer be sent to the muscles properly.
29
New cells are needed for..?
Growth and repair.
30
What do body cells carry?
A full set of genetic information in its nucleus.
31
What do genes control?
One characteristic or part of one characteristic of your body.
32
Where are genes found?
In chromosomes
33
How many sets of chromosomes do you inherit from your parents?
1 set each.
34
Define embryo differentiation?
When an embryo develops, specific genes in the stem cells are switched on and off so that the cells become specialized to carry out a particular function. This process is called differentiation, when stem cells differentiate into all the different types of cell that are found in the human body.
35
What is a stem cell?
Unspecialized cells, with no role yet within the body.
36
Whats the difference between differentiation in plant cells and animal cells?
Differentiation occurs very early in life in animal cells, and are unable to differentiate after the organism develops. In plant cells however, the ability to differentiate is never lost BUT they only differentiate in their final position in the plant. Unlike animals, differentiation in plant cells is not permanent. They can re-differentiate and become a completely different type of cell. Differentiated animal cells can only produce
37
Why is it easier to clone a plant than an animal?
Because plants have the ability to re-differentiate, it allows us to produce large numbers of plants by taking cuttings or using plant tissue culture. The meristems in the plant allow us to clone plants by taking cuttings
38
Differences between embryonic and adult stem cells?
Adult: Can only develop into certain types of cells. Located in bone marrow, testies, intestines, brain and more. Embryo: Can develop into any cell type. Located in an embryo, many people disapprove if using embryo stem cells as they believe its harming a potential human.
39
Why are plant clones produced in agriculture?
To produce identical plants quickly and economically. You can create clones of rare and beautiful plants.
40
Why are embryonic stem cells useful for treating medical conditions?
They can be manipulated into any type of cell, unlike adult stem cells. This means that embryonic stem cells are able to treat a wider variety of medical conditions. They can be injected, implanted or transplanted.
41
What is the process of therapeutic cloning?
Involves using cells from an adult to produce a cloned early embryo of themselves. This would then provide a source of perfectly ,matched embryonic stem cells, which would then be used for medical treatments on the original donor that would not be rejected by the body. This is because they have been made from the bodys own cells and have the same genes.
42
Where do the majority of stem cells for research come from, and why do some people object to their use?
Aborted embryos, IVF embryos and any that is undeveloped and unwanted. People object to this they believe that you are killing a human without their choice and so it violates human rights.
43
What are potential problems with using stem cells to treat other people?
If it is not their own, there is a risk that the body will reject the cell, or that the cell will cause further disease because it is a foreign body within your own.
44
What is an alternative way that scientists are hoping to obtain embryonic stem cells rather than from an embryo?
Using the umbilical chord, or just adult stem cells
45
Sperm cells are specialized for?
Reproduction
46
Adaptations of a sperm cell
-Long tail and streamlined head help it swim -Lots of mitochondria -Carries enzymes in head to digest through the egg cell membrane.
47
What are nerve cells specialised for?
Rapid signaling
48
Adaptations of nerve cells?
-Long (cover more distance) -Branched connections to connect to other nerve cells and form networks.
49
What are muscle cells specialized for?
Contraction
50
Adaptations of muscle cells.
-Long so they have space to contract -Mitochondria
51
What are root hair cells (surface of plant roots) specialised for?
Absorbing water and minerals
52
What are the adaptations of root hair cells?
-Big surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil. -Long finger like projection to increase surface area.
53
What are Phloem and Xylem cells specialised for?
Transporting substances
54
Adaptations of Phloem and Xylem cells?
-Long and joined end to end (forms tubes to transport things) -Xylem cells hollow in centre so stuff can flow through them -Phloem cells have very little subcellular structures so stuff can flow through them.
55
What is a chromosome and where is it found?
A form of genetic material found in the nucleus of cells.
56
What do chromosomes carry?
Genes
57
What do genes control?
Different characteristics (e.g hair colour)
58
How do Prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Binary fission
59
What is the process of binary fission?
1. The circular DNA and plasmids begin to replicate. 2. Cell gets bigger and circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of the cell. 3. Cytoplasm begins to divide and new cell walls begin to form. 4. Two daughter cells are produced, each with one copy of circular DNA, but variable numbers of plasmids.
60
What are good conditions for bacteria to divide in?
Anything from a warm environment, amount of oxygen or lots of nutrients.
61
What is a mean division time?
The average amount of time it takes for one bacterial cell to divide into two .
62
How are some bacteria and other microorganisms grown in a lab?
In a culture medium
63
What is a culture medium
It can be a nutrient broth solution or solid agar jelly, which contains the minerals and vitamins from bacteria to grow.
64
65
Why are cultures of microorganisms not kept above 25 degrees in schools?
Because harmful pathogens are more likely to grow above this temp.
66
What is a pathogen?
A microorganism that causes disease
67
How do you investigate the effect of antibiotics/antibodies on bacterial growth?
1. Place paper discs soaked in different types or concentrations of antibiotics on an agar plate that has an even covering of bacteria. Use a control paper disc that has not been soaked in an antibiotic, but sterile water instead. 2. Leave the plate for 48 hours at 25 degrees. 3. Antibiotic will diffuse into the agar. Antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow around the paper discs, but non-resistant antibiotic bacteria will die and leave an inhibition zone around the paper disc. 4. More effective the antibiotic is, the larger in inhibition zone will be.
68
Why do you use a control of a water soaked paper disc?
To ensure that any difference between the growth of the bacteria or the zone of inhibition is to do with the bacteria and antibiotic alone and not something weird to do with the paper.
69
What precautions must you take to avoid contamination of unwanted microorganisms?
-Petri dish sterilised, before use (heating to high temp). -Inoculating loop sterilised also -Lid of petri dish lightly taped on to stop microorganisms in the air getting in. -Petri dish stored upside down to stop condensation falling onto agar surface.
70
What are inoculating loops?
Used to transfer microorganism to the culture medium.
71
How do you calculate the area of an inhibition zone?
The area of a circle
72
What can embryonic stem cells help with?
-Replacing faulty cells e.g insulin producing cells for people with diabetes and nerve cells for people with spinal paralysis injuries.
73
What are some risks involving stem cells in science?
-Cells grown in a lab could become contaminated and make patient sicker -Ethical factors -Could be rejected by patient (therapeutic cloning tackles this however)
74

GCSE Biology Yr 10 (6 decks)

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