Chapter 1 ( Cell Physiology )

Question 1

Na+

Answer 1

136-145 mEq/L

Question 2

K+

Answer 2

3.5-5 mEq/L

Question 3

Cl-

Answer 3

100-106 mEq/L

Question 4

HCO3-

Answer 4

22-26 mEq/L

Question 5

BUN

Answer 5

8-25 mg/dl

Question 6

Creatinine

Answer 6

0.8-1.2 mg/dl

Question 7

ECF osmolality equation ?

Answer 7

ECF estimated osmolality =

2(Na)mEq/L + Glucose mg% / 18 + Urea mg% / 28

Question 8

Factors stimulating aldosterone release ?

Answer 8

1- plasma angiotensin ll

2- plasma K

Question 9

Regulators of ADH secretion ?

Answer 9

1- plasma osmolality ( directly related )
2- blood pressure ( inversely related )
3- angiotensin ll
4- CRH

Question 10

Regulators of renin secretion ?

Answer 10

1- perfusion pressure to the kidney ( inversely related )
2- sympathetic stimulation by Beta-1 receptors
3- Na delivery to macula densa ( inversely related )

Question 11

Circulating agents that increase capillary permeability ?

Answer 11

TNF-alpha
Bradykinin
Histamine
Cytokines

Question 12

ECF measurement tracers ?

Answer 12

Inulin
Mannitol
Sodium
Sucrose

Question 13

Total body water measurement tracer ?

Answer 13

Titrated water

Urea

Question 14

Formula to convert plasma volume to blood volume ?

Answer 14

Blood volume =

Plasma volume / 1 - hematocrit

Question 15

Diffusion equation ?

Answer 15

J = PA(C1-C2)

Question 16

Characteristics of carrier mediated transporters ?

Answer 16

Stereospecificity
Saturation
Competition

Question 17

Specific inhibitors of Na,K ATPase ?

Answer 17

Ouabain

Digitalis

Question 18

Location of Na-Glucose cotransport ?

Answer 18

The luminal membrane of intestinal mucosal cells

Renal proximal tubule cells

Question 19

Examples of cotransports ?

Answer 19

Na-glucose cotransport

Na-K-2Cl cotransport

Question 20

Examples for countertransport ?

Answer 20

Na-Ca countertransport

Na-H countertransport

Question 21

Effective osmotic pressure equation ?

Answer 21

Effective osmotic pressure =
Number of particles in solution osm/mol x concentration mol/L x gas content x absolute temperature x the reflection coefficient

Question 22

Mechanism of nicotinic receptor ?

Answer 22

Its a ligand gated ion channel that opens when ACh binds to it , when open its permeable for Na and K causing the motor end plate to depolarize

Question 23

Nernst equation ?

Answer 23

Equation to calculate equilibrium potential 
E = ( 60/z ) x log10(c1/c2)
z : charge on the ion 
c1 : intracellular concentration 
c2 : extracellular concentration

Question 24

Properties of action potential ?

Answer 24

Has stereotypical size and shape
Propagating
All or none

Question 25

Mechanism of Tetrodoxin and lidocaine ?

Answer 25

Blockage of the voltage sensitive Na channels and abolish action potentials

Question 26

Tetraethylammonium mechanism ?

Answer 26

Blockage of the voltage gated K channels

Question 27

Why the myelinated nerves exhibit saltatory conduction ?

Answer 27

Because action potentials can be generated only at nodes of Ranvier where there are gaps in the myelin sheath

Question 28

Toxins that block inactivation of the voltage gated Na channels

Answer 28

Ciguatoxin (fish) | Batrachotoxin (frogs)

Question 29

Botulinus toxin mechanism ?

Answer 29

Blocks release of ACh from presynaptic vesicles leads to total blockade of neuromuscular transmission

Question 30

Curare mechanism ?

Answer 30

Competes with ACh for receptors on motor end plate , leads to decreased size of EPP , maximum doses of which cause respiratory muscles paralysis and death

Question 31

Neostigmine mechanism ?

Answer 31

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase leading to prolongation and enhancing of ACh action at MEP

Question 32

Hemicholinium mechanism ?

Answer 32

Blocks reuptake of choline into presynaptic terminal leading to depletion of ACh stores from presynaptic terminal

Question 33

Excitatory neurotransmitters ?

Answer 33

``` Acetylcholine Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Glutamate ```

Question 34

Inhibitory neurotransmitters ?

Answer 34

GABA | Glycine

Question 35

Enzymes that metabolize norepinephrine ?

Answer 35

``` Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) ```

Question 36

Parkinson disease mechanism ?

Answer 36

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that use the D2 receptors

Question 37

Schizophrenia mechanism ?

Answer 37

Increased levels of D2 receptors

Question 38

Subtypes of glutamate receptors

Answer 38

``` Inotropic receptors ( ligand gated ion channels ) Metabotropic receptor ( coupled to ion channels via heterotrimeric G protein ```

Question 39

Types of GABA receptors ?

Answer 39

1- GABA a receptor : increases Cl conductance , site of action of Benzodiazepines and barbiturates 2- GABA b receptor : increases K conductance

Question 40

Glycine receptor mechanism ?

Answer 40

Increases Cl conductance

Question 41

Myosin structure ?

Answer 41

6 polypeptide chains , one pair of heavy chain and two pairs of light chain

Question 42

Troponin structure ?

Answer 42

Complex of three globular proteins : Troponin T Troponin I Troponin C

Question 43

Receptor of the T tubules ?

Answer 43

Dihydropyridine receptor , voltage sensitive protein

Question 44

Calcium release channel in the SR ?

Answer 44

Ryanodine channel

Question 45

Types of smooth muscles ?

Answer 45

1- Multiunit : iris , ciliary muscle , vas deferens 2- Unitary : uterus , git , ureter , bladder 3- vascular smooth muscles