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Physiology > Chapter 7 ( Endocrine ) > Flashcards

Chapter 7 ( Endocrine ) Flashcards

1
Q

Hormones action through activation of Tyrosine kinase ?

A

Insulin
IGF-1
Growth hormone
Prolactin

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2
Q

Steroid hormones ?

A 
Glucocorticoids 
Aldosterone
Testosterone 
Estrogen 
Progesterone
Thyroxin 
Vitamin D
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3
Q

Hormones action through IP3 mechanism ?

A 
ADH ( V1 receptors ) 
Alpha-1 receptors 
GnRH
GHRH
TRH
Angiotensin ll
Oxytocin
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4
Q

Hormones action through cAMP mechanism ?

A 
ADH ( V2 receptors )
Beta- 1,2 receptors 
Alpha-2 receptors 
Glucagon 
ACTH 
LH
FSH
TSH
HCG
MSH
CRH
PTH
Calcitonin
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5
Q

The only peptide hormone thats bound to protein carrier ?

A

IGF-1

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6
Q

Monomer and dimer tyrosine kinase receptors ?

A

Monomer : receptors for Nerve growth factor

Dimer : receptors for Insulin and IGF

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7
Q

Tyrosine kinase-associated receptor ?

A

Receptor for Growth Hormone

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8
Q

Hormones derived from Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) ?

A

ACTH
MSH
Beta-lipotropin
Beta-endorphin

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9
Q

How somatomedins (IGF) inhibit the secretion of growth hormone ?

A

Directly by acting on the anterior pituitary and indirectly by stimulating the release of somatostatin from hypothalamus

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10
Q

Direct actions of growth hormone ?

A

1- diabetogenic ( decrease glucose uptake into cells )
2- increase lipolysis
3- increase protein synthesis
4- increase production of IGF

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11
Q

Actions of growth hormone vis IGF ?

A

Increase protein synthesis in chondrocytes ( linear growth ) , in muscles ( lean body mass ) , most organs ( organ size )

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12
Q

Actions of prolactin ?

A

1- stimulates milk production
2- stimulates breast development
3- inhibits ovulation ( by decreasing GnRH )
4- inhibits spermatogenesis

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13
Q

Primary origin of ADH ?

A

Supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus

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14
Q

Factors increase and decrease ADH secretion ?

A 
1- factors increase : 
Increased osmolarity 
Volume contraction 
Pain , nausea , hypoglycemia 
Nicotine , opiates , antineoplastic drugs

2- factors decrease :
Decreased osmolarity 
Ethanol 
Alpha-agonists 
ANP
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15
Q

Primary origin of oxytocin ?

A

Paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Oxytocin medical uses ?

A

To induce labor

To reduce postpartum bleeding

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17
Q

Inhibitors of Na-I cotransport ?

A

Thiocyanate

Perchlorate anions

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18
Q

Inhibitor of thyroid peroxidase enzyme ?

A

Propylthiouracil

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19
Q

T3 action in the anterior pituitary ?

A

Down regulates TRH receptors

20
Q

Organs that BMR not controlled by thyroid hormones ?

A

Brain
Gonads
Spleen

21
Q

21 carbon steroids ?

A

Progesterone
Deoxycorticosterone
Aldosterone
Cortisol

22
Q

19-carbon steroids ?

A

Have androgenic activity , are precursors to the estrogens
Dehydroepiandrosterone
Androstenedione

23
Q

18-carbon steroids ?

A

Have estrogenic activity

Oxidation of the A ring ( aromatization ) to produce estrogen occurs in the Ovaries and Placenta

24
Q

Location of the CRH containing neurons ?

A

Paraventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus

25
ACTH action in the adrenal cortex ?
Stimulating cholesterol desmolase which convert cholesterol to Pregnenolone which is the precursor for the other steroids Also ACTH up regulates its own receptors
26
Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids ?
1- induce the synthesis of Lipocortin which inhibits Phospholipase A2 2- inhibits the production oh Interleukin and inhibits proliferation of T lymphocytes ) 3- inhibit the release of histamine and serotonin
27
Phospholipase A2 function ?
Liberates Arachidonate from membrane phospholipids , providing the precursor for prostaglandins and interleukins synthesis
28
Mechanism of the permissive action of cortisol to catecholamines ?
Upregulates alpha-1 receptors on arterioles
29
Difference between primary and secondary immunodeficiency ?
Decreased ACTH in secondary : no hyperpigmentation | Normal aldosterone level in secondary : no volume contraction, hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis
30
Delta cells of the pancreas secrets which hormones ?
Somatostatin | Gastrin
31
Solfonylurea drugs mechanism ?
Closes K channels in beta cells of pancreas —-> depolarization —-> open Ca channels —-> increase intracellular Ca —-> secretion of insulin
32
Factors regulating glucagon secretion ?
``` 1- Factors increase secretion : Decrease blood glucose Increase blood amino acids CCK Norepinephrine Epinephrine Acetylcholine ``` ``` 2- factors decrease secretion : Increase blood glucose Insulin Somatostatin Fatty acids , ketoacids ```
33
Factors regulating insulin secretion ?
``` 1- factors increase secretion : Increase blood glucose Increase blood amino acids Increase blood fattyacids Glucagon GIP Acetylcholine ``` ``` 2- factors decrease secretion Decrease blood glucose Somatostatin Norepinephrine Epinephrine ```
34
How serum magnesium regulates PTH secretion ?
Mild decreases in serum Mg stimulate PTH secretion | Severe decreases in serum Mg inhibit PTH secretion
35
Laboratory sign of resorption of the organic matrix of bone ?
Increased hydroxyproline excretion
36
Pseudohypoparathyroidism ?
Type la-Albright hereditary osteodystrophy Caused by defective Gs protein in the kidney and bone which causes end organ resistance to PTH . Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia not correctable by administration of PTH
37
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia mechanism ?
Inactivating mutationsof the Ca sensing receptors that regulate PTH secretion
38
Factors that increase 1-alpha hydroxylase activity in the kidney ?
Decreased serum Ca Increased PTH level Decreased serum phosphate
39
Vitamin D dependent Ca-binding protein in the intestine name ?
Calbindin D-28K
40
Medical uses of calcitonin
``` Ttt of Hypercalcemia Osteoporosis Paget’s disease of the bone Marker of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid ```
41
Hormones secreted by the testes ? By which cells ?
Testosterone by Leydig cells | Anti-Mullerian hormone by Sertoli cells
42
5alpha-reductase inhibitor ?
Finasteride
43
Which nuclei of hypothalamus secrets GnRH ?
Arcuate nuclei
44
FSH and LH functions in male ?
FSH acts on Sertoli cells to maintain spermatogenesis | LH acts on Leydig cells to promote testosterone synthesis
45
Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone cause differentiation of which organs ?
Testosterone : epididymis , vas deferens and seminal vesicle Dihydrotestosterone : penis , scrotum and prostate
46
Major placental estrogen ?
Estriol
47
Why ovulation is suppressed during lactation ?
Because prolactin has the following effects : Inhibits hypothalamic GnRH secretion Inhibits action of GnRH on the anterior pituitary Antagonizes the actions of LH and FSH on the ovaries

Physiology (7 decks)

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