Chapter 1 - Chemical Foundations

Question 1

accuracy

Answer 1

the closeness of a measurement to its actual value

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

the smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties

Question 3

Celsius temperature scale

Answer 3

the scale defined by the freezing and boiling points of pure water, 0°⁢C and 100⁢°C

Question 4

chemical change / chemical reaction

Answer 4

the formation of one or more new substances by a rearrangement of atoms that involves breaking and/or forming bonds

Question 5

chemical property

Answer 5

the ability of a substance to change to a different substance

Question 6

conversion factor

Answer 6

a multiplier for converting a quantity expressed in one set of units into an equivalent expressed in another.

Question 7

density

Answer 7

the ratio of the mass of a sample to its volume

Question 8

dimensional analysis / factor-label method

Answer 8

a general problem-solving approach that uses the dimensions or units of each value to guide you through calculations

Question 9

element

Answer 9

a substance, composed of only one kind of atom, that cannot be decomposed by a chemical reaction into simpler substances

Question 10

energy

Answer 10

the capacity to do work or transfer heat

Question 11

filtration

Answer 11

a method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid

Question 12

heterogeneous

Answer 12

a mixture having visibly distinguishable parts

Question 13

homogeneous

Answer 13

a mixture that is uniform in its properties

Question 14

hypothesis

Answer 14

a tentative explanation or prediction based on experimental observations

Question 15

Kelvin temperature scale

Answer 15

a scale in which the unit is the same size as the Celsius degree but the zero point is the lowest possible temperature

Question 16

kinetic energy

Answer 16

energy associated with the motion of an object

Question 17

law

Answer 17

a concise statement or equation about a relation that is always the same under the same conditions

Question 18

gas

Answer 18

the form of matter, having no definite size or shape, that is an easily compressible fluid

Question 19

liquid

Answer 19

the form of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape, which is a relatively incompressible fluid

Question 20

mass

Answer 20

the quantity of matter in a material

Question 21

matter

Answer 21

anything that occupies space and can be perceived by the senses

Question 22

measurement

Answer 22

a quantitative observation

Question 23

mixture

Answer 23

a combination of two or more substances that can be separated by physical techniques

Question 24

natural law

Answer 24

a statement that expresses generally observed behavior

Question 25

physical change

Answer 25

a change in the form of matter but not in its chemical identity

Question 26

physical property

Answer 26

a property of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the composition of the substance

Question 27

precision

Answer 27

the degree of agreement, or reproducibility, among several measurements of the same quantity

Question 28

pure substance

Answer 28

an element or compound that cannot be separated into multiple species by any physical technique

Question 29

qualitative

Answer 29

nonnumerical experimental observations

Question 30

quantitative

Answer 30

numerical experimental data

Question 31

scientific method

Answer 31

a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation

Question 32

scientific notation

Answer 32

the representation of a number in the form M × 10ⁿ, where M is a number with a single nonzero digit to the left of the decimal point and n is a whole number

Question 33

SI

Answer 33

International System of Units, based on the metric system and on units derived from the metric system

Question 34

significant figures

Answer 34

the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement or calculated value

Question 35

solid

Answer 35

the form of matter with a fixed volume and fixed shape, which is a relatively incompressible

Question 36

solution

Answer 36

a homogeneous mixture

Question 37

states of matter

Answer 37

the three forms that matter can commonly assume—solid, liquid, and gas

Question 38

theory

Answer 38

a tested explanation of basic natural phenomena

Question 39

unit

Answer 39

a fixed standard of measurement