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INFO 4710 - Information Technology Management - UNT > Chapter 1 - Defining Information Technology - Fluency with Information Technology (7th Edition) > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Defining Information Technology - Fluency with Information Technology (7th Edition) Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q 
Learning Objectives
(hint: there are 4)
A
  • Recall the important moments and major inventions in computing from the last 100 hundred some odd years.
  • Recognize, recall, and use the right words and terms to facilitate in learning ideas and to communicate better.
  • Recall and define common computer terms.
  • Recall and define “idea” words.
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2
Q

Glossary Term:

abstract

A

to remove an idea, concept, or process from a specific situation

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3
Q

Glossary Term:

abstraction

A

the central idea or concept removed from a situation

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4
Q

Glossary Term:

agent

A

the person or thing (usually a computer) following an algorithm’s instructions

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5
Q

Glossary Term:

algorithm

A

a precise and systematic method for producing a specific result

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6
Q

Glossary Term:

boot or booting

A

to start a computer and load its operating system

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7
Q

Glossary Term:

cache

A

to keep information, typically acquired at some effort, in the expectation of its reuse in the near future

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8
Q

Glossary Term:

generalization

A

statement of a rule deduced by generalizing

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9
Q

Glossary Term:

generalize

A

to formulate an idea, concept, or process so that it abstracts multiple situations

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10
Q

Glossary Term:

input

A

data put into a communication system for transmission or into a computer system for processing

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11
Q

Glossary Term:

mneumonic

A

an aid for remembering something

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12
Q

Glossary Term:

operationally attuned

A

thinking about how a device, tool, or application works to simplify its use

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13
Q

Glossary Term:

output

A

the information produced by a program or process from a specific input

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14
Q

Glossary Term:

processor

A

the component of a computer that computes, i.e., performs the instructions

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15
Q

Glossary Term:

programming

A

the act of encoding an algorithm that is to be executed by a computer

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16
Q

Glossary Term:

program

A

an algorithm encoded for a specific situation

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17
Q

Glossary Term:

rebooting or reboot

A

to restart a computer by clearing its memory and reloading its operating system

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18
Q

Glossary Term:

software

A

a collective term for programs

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19
Q

8 Big Ideas of Computation

A
  1. Digitizing information
  2. Stored-program computers
  3. Transistors
  4. Integrated circuits
  5. Personal computers
  6. The Internet
  7. The World Wide Web (WWW) and HTTP
  8. Layered software
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20
Q

Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation:

```
Digitizing Information
hint: there are 5
~~~

A

1 Data being represented by numbers.

2 Creating machines that could read digital information was a breakthrough.

3 Census data becoming digitized in 1890.

   4 The 1880 Census was all processed by hand and took 8 years.

   5  The process was digitized with the creation of punch cards for the 1890 Census, but it is important to note the cards were processed by a card reader and not a computer.
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21
Q

Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation:

Stored-program computers
hint: there are 4

A

1 Central processing units (CPUs) allowed information to be stored in the memory or software.
2 This allowed programs to be changed quickly, become more complex, and autonomous.
3 These computers were very large and complex and took up entire rooms.
4 They were also very heavy and used thousands of vacuum tubes which consumed a lot of power and they often burned out quickly.

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22
Q

Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation:

Transistors
hint: there are 5

A

1 Provided an alternative to vacuum tubes.
2 They used less power and produced less heat.

3 They were extremely reliable.

4 They were smaller in size and weight.

5 The only problem was that they required a lot of assembly.

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23
Q

Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation:

```
Integrated Circuits
hint: there are 8
~~~

A

1 Solved the problem in the inefficiency of building computers out of so many complex parts.
2 Integration
3 Parts are connected as they are being formed instead of forming then connecting them later.

4 Photolithography
5 Wires and all parts are “printed” onto the chips.

6 Layers are printed and connected allowing many more connections to exist in a small space.

7 Printing
8 Being able to simply print the parts of a chip allows them to be as complex as they need to be without additional cost.

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24
Q

Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation:

```
Personal Computers
hint: there are 3
~~~

A

1 First personal computing machine was Xerox’s Alto in 1973.
2 President of DEC (a small computer manufacturer), Ken Olsen, stated in 1977 that “There is no reason for any individual to have a computer in their home.”
3 Now we all have numerous computers of various types in our lives.

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25
Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation: | ``` The Internet hint: there are 3 ```
1 Made up of a network of networks. 2 ARPANET, the forerunner of the internet, sent the first message in 1969. 3 Was used for emailing and file transferring.
26
Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation: | HTTP and the World Wide Web hint: there are 3
1 Brought the Internet to the public. 2 HTTP allowed files to be transferred to any computer. 3 Mosaic was the first widely used browser.
27
Details on 8 Big Ideas of Computation: | Layered Software Development hint: there are 3
1 Programs had little structure before 1980 which made them difficult to write and keep up with. 2 Layered software development allowed programs to apply code to lower levels as well as provide advanced capabilities for higher levels. 3 These make use of a software stack structure.
28
Define the term "Software Stack" and state two facts about it
Definition: Software Stack is how software is structured and organized in modern computer systems Facts: 1 Programs are layered in a series to carry out user applications 2 Every layer carries out operations that are built upon for the layer above it
29
Name a way that people interact with a software stack every day
Watching a YouTube Video or other streaming video service
30
Delineate the ways your smartphone makes use of software stacking when playing a YouTube video (hint: there are 4)
1 Browser application is used to get to YouTube 2 Browser app makes use of the window manager and many other frameworks 3 The window manager in turn uses the media manager and other libraries 4 Further along the stack the media manager uses the display as a driver as well as other kernel operations
31
True or False? It is important to learn and use the correct computing terms.
True
32
What are two practical reasons for learning and using the correct computing terms?
1 It assists in talking with Tech Support for help | 2 It provides a new subject to learn
33
Name two challenges you might face if you do not know the correct computing terms.
1 Using search in a particular piece of software's Help feature will not be very helpful because the algorithm will produce results based on the wrong term 2 It will be difficult, if not impossible, to elicit help from Tech Support if you do not know the correct terms during you inquiry
34
Important Hardward and Software Terms: Define the term "Processor" and state two facts about it
Definition: The processor is the computer and is usually concealed inside a box Facts: 1 Connects various devices as inputs or outputs 2 Variations in computers depend on what is connected to the processor and what software is being run
35
Important Hardward and Software Terms: Define the term "Software" and state two facts about it
Definition: Software is the name for all programs Facts: 1 The instructions that form applications are located in the software 2 The applications are carried out by the processor which follows the program
36
Important Hardware and Software Terms: Define the term "Algorithm" and state THREE facts about it
Definition: Specified results are created through precise and systematic methods called algorithms Facts: 1 Algorithms are expressed by programs 2 Long division is an example of an algorithm 3 Algorithms exist everywhere and make up the undercurrent of many conveniences of modern life
37
Important Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstraction What do these terms mean in British mystery language?
to remove or even to steal
38
Important Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstraction What do these terms mean in computer language?
to remove in relation to an idea or process, and it is removed from some form or type of information
39
Important Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstraction What do these terms mean in parables or fables?
to take out the crucial point of the story and learn a lesson from it
40
Important Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstraction Name two utilities that abstracting from parables or fables has
1 It helps identify what is most important: there are numerous details to a story that are less important than the crucial point 2 It helps clarify the important meanings beyond the story that are inherent within the abstraction itself
41
Important Idea Terms: Abstract and Abstraction What utility does abstarcting in computing have?
it can highlight the important and relevant details so that the abstraction itself can be applied in other cases
42
Important Idea Terms: Generalize and Generalization What is generalizing/generalization?
The expression of an idea, concept, or process that can be applied to many other situations
43
Important Idea Terms: Generalize and Generalization When can an idea be generalized?
When it is true most of the time
44
Important Idea Terms: Generalize and Generalization What kind of statement is one that sums up a generalized idea?
A generalization
45
Important Idea Terms: Operationally Attuned How is a device or system operationally attuned?
When its use is simplified by applying knowledge about how it works
46
Important Idea Terms: Operationally Attuned Give a simple example of operational attunement
Learning how to loosen a lid by turning it left and tightening it by turning it right
47
Important Idea Terms: Operationally Attuned Where does explicit knowledge about how something works come from?
Experience
48
Important Idea Terms: Operationally Attuned What does explicit knowledge about how a computer works produce?
It makes the computer easier to use
49
Important Idea Terms: Mneumonic What purpose does a mneumonic serve?
To aid in memory
50
Important Idea Terms: Mneumonic How does one employ a mneumonic?
By using a word or phrase to help remember a bigger idea or several pieces of information
51
Important Idea Terms: Mneumonic Give an example of a mneumonic?
HOMES Great Lakes... ``` H - Huron O - Ontario M - Michigan E - Erie S - Superior ```
52
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions In 1880 the census took how long to complete by hand?
Eight years
53
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions Who is credited with the first "production" application of digital information?
U. S. Census Bureau employee and statistician Herman Hollerith
54
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1890?
Hollerith digitizes census data
55
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1936?
The computer science field is commonly thought to have started in this year with the publication of Alan Turing's paper on the (theoretical) limits to computation: "On Computable Numbers with an Application to the Entscheidungs Problem."
56
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1943?
U. S., U. K., and Germans build 1st Computers
57
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1956?
Nobel Prize awarded for the semiconductor transistor to Bell Lab scientists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley
58
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1958?
Kilby invented the integrated circuit
59
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1969?
ARPANET sends first packet
60
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1973?
The Ethernet was developed
61
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1975?
Microsoft is founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates
62
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1981?
The IBM Personal Computer is released
63
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1984?
The Macintosh is launched by Apple Computer Company
64
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1992?
The first SMS message was sent
65
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1993?
The World Wide Web was created
66
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1996?
The Nokia 9000 launched
67
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 1997?
IBM chess playing computer Deep Blue beat world class chessmaster Garry Kasparov google.com was registered
68
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2001?
Apple released the first iPod
69
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2004?
The Firefox browser was launched
70
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2005?
facebook.com was registered
71
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2006?
The Wii was released by Nintendo Twitter launched
72
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2007?
The first iPhone was launched by Apple
73
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2008?
The first commercial Android phone was released
74
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2011?
IBM AI Watson won JEOPARDY!
75
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2012?
Facebook reached one billion users
76
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions What happened in 2013?
The first carbon nanotube computer is created
77
100 or So Year History: Important Moments and Major Inventions How many years passed between the first automated use of digital information and the announcement of the PC?
More than 90
78
What is the dictionary definition of "digital information"?
Data represented using numbers
79
What was the big information breakthrough made when U. S. census data was digitized?
Automation: getting a machine to read the data.
80
After the first automation of it's data, how long did the U. S. census take to complete?
1 year
81
What is the first electronic computer?
ENIAC
82
Explain the different between the Internet and the WWW
The internet is a network of networks, where the networks could only connect and communicate through a common protocol called TCP/IP The WWW was a project launched by an employee at CERN allownig any institution (and eventually any person) who wished to participate in sharing documents and files on a virtual 'home page' using a common protocol called HTTP
83
What does "le mot juste" mean?
A French saying meaning "the right phrase or word"
84
What is the technical name for a computer?
A processor
85
What are the common components of a modern day processor?
* CPU * Small amount of memory (sometimes called a cache) * I/O device(s) * Software
86
What does ARM stand for? Examplain what it is
Definition: Advanced RISC Machine The ARM is a processor specialized to a be part of other systems. It is a computer that is imbedded into a product (such as an smartphone or a microwave) in order to manage tasks that serve the purpose of the product. It allows designers to focus on the software of the product rather than it's hardware.
87
What does RISC stand for?
Reduced Instruction-Set Computer
88
What does TLA stand for? Give an example of a TLA.
Three Letter Acronym | TLA also FAQ, WIP, TBD
89
Properties of an Algorithim What are the 5 properties a process must have to qualify as an algorithm?
``` I - Input specified O - Output specified D - Definite E - Effective F - Finite ```
90
Properties of an Algorithim Explain what Input specified means
The data that the computation is provided or given
91
Properties of an Algorithim Explain what Output specified means
The data that the computation will produce
92
Properties of an Algorithim Explain what Definite means
The whole process is clearly spelled out
93
Properties of an Algorithim Explain what Effective means
The process is within the abilities of the agent following the instructions
94
Properties of an Algorithim Explain what Finite means
The agent will eventually finish the computation and arrive the correct answer, or report that the correct answer is not possible.
95
What does BIOS stand for? What does it do?
Basic Input/Output System It contains the instructions needed for a computer to start up
96
Where is the BIOS stored?
On a microchip called the Boot ROM (Read-Only Memory)
97
What three early technologies increased peoples' desire to own a PC?
Games Word processing Email

INFO 4710 - Information Technology Management - UNT (4 decks)

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