chapter 1- drugs

Question 1

drugs

Answer 1

any chemical entity or mixture, other than those required for the maintenance of normal health (such as food), which alters biological function or structure when administered.

Question 2

psychoactive drug

Answer 2

a substance that affects the mind. psychoactive substances often produce feelings of euphoria or altered perception.

Question 3

illicit drug

Answer 3

drugs that are currently illegal or heavily regulated including heroin, cociane, marijuana; the illegal use of a legal drug.

Question 4

licit drug

Answer 4

drugs that can be purchased legally without many restrictions: alcohol, caffeine, nicotine.

Question 5

pharmacology

Answer 5

the study of the effects of drugs on living systems.

Question 6

psychopharmacology

Answer 6

the study of the effects of drugs on behavior.

Question 7

spectrum of substance abuse

Answer 7

use is not abuse- most users do not use it in ways that can be defined as either abuse or dependence.
beneficial use (positive health, social, or spiritual effects) –> casual/ nonproblematic use (recreational, casual, other use that has negligible health or social effects) –> problematic use (use that begins to have negative consequences for individual, family/ friends or society) –> chronic dependence (use that has become habitual and compulsive desperate negative health and social effects)

Question 8

recreational drug use

Answer 8

licit: having an alcoholic drink to relax before dinner, smoking a cigarette for enjoyment.
illicit: smoking weed to get high, taking LSD for the hallucinogenic effects.

Question 9

instrumental drug abuse

Answer 9

licit: taking valium with a prescription to relieve anxiety, taking No Doz to stay awake on a long trip.
illicit: taking amphetamines without a prescription to stay awake the night before a test, taking morphine without a prescription to relieve pain.

Question 10

why do people take drugs?

Answer 10

to feel please and to avoid pain, to change the state of consciousness, to enhance spiritual, religious, or mystical experiences, to facilitate and enhance social interactions, to alter and improve the body.

Question 11

drug use risk factors

Answer 11

reasons people take drugs

Question 12

drug use protective factors

Answer 12

a person’s choice to not use drugs

Question 13

percentage of the world that uses illicit drugs

Answer 13

5.4%

Question 14

what countries use the most alcohol?

Answer 14

Moldova, Lithuania, Czechia, seychelles, US

Question 15

what countries use the most prescription stimulants?

Answer 15

US, Costa Rica, Brazil, New Zealand, Bolivia

Question 16

what countries use the most opioids?

Answer 16

serbia, US, Nigeria, australia, Iran

Question 17

what percentage of drugs in the world are used in the US?

Answer 17

65%

Question 18

what is the leading cause of death for 18-49 year olds in the US?

Answer 18

overdose

Question 19

what illicit drug is used by most people over age 12 in the US?

Answer 19

e-cigarrettes

Question 20

what drugs is used by most high school students?

Answer 20

marijuana

Question 21

what role does gender play in drug use?

Answer 21

males are more likely than females to use drugs.

Question 22

what role does age play in drug use?

Answer 22

ages 21-25 report the highest rate of illicit drug use.

Question 23

what role does ethnicity play in drug use

Answer 23

asians report the least drug use, followed by hispanic and latino, whites, American Indians and blacks, two or more races.

Question 24

depressants

Answer 24

depress the central nervous system activity leading to decreased physiological activity and sedation (alcohol, barbiturates, sleep aids)

Question 25

stimulants

Answer 25

stimulate the CNS leading to increases in physiological processes and motor behavior (cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines)

Question 26

narcotics

Answer 26

drugs that are opium derivatives and/or bind to opiate receptors; relieve pain.

Question 27

analgesic

Answer 27

substance that relieves pain (codeine, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone)

Question 28

hallucinogens

Answer 28

substances that alter perception/ consciousness (psychedelics: LSD, psilocybin; dissociative: PCP, ketamine, salvia, deliberants)

Question 29

cannabinoids

Answer 29

complex behavioral aspects (marijuana)

Question 30

drug naming

Answer 30

upon discovery, a drug is given a chemical name, after a patent is applied for the drug is given a generic name and a brand name.

Question 31

chemical name

Answer 31

describes molecular structure of the drug

Question 32

generic name

Answer 32

official, nonproprietary designation

Question 33

trade name

Answer 33

proprietary, chosen by the manufacturer of the drug

Question 34

monitoring the future survey

Answer 34

ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American youth; 2020 results- nicotine vaping has remained steady but is still high, marijuana vaping remains steady but daily use increase, alcohol use declined, amphetamines inhalants and cough medicine misuse among 8th graders.

Question 35

how are new drugs developed?

Answer 35

preclinical trials (up to 10 yrs) begin with drug discovery and moves to animal testing; an IND application is filed and if approved: clinical trials (6-7 years). phase 1 safety is tested with 20-100 volunteers, phase 2 efficacy is tested with 100-500 volunteers, phase 3 more information is collected regarding safety, efficacy, interactions, and pharmacokinetics with 1000 or more volunteers. a NDA application is filed and if approved; FDA review (0.5-2 years) the application, labeling and manufacturing. if the FDA approves the drug is related and postmarking monitoring occurs indefinitely.