Chapter 1 Evolution, The Themes Of Bilogy, And Scientific Inquiry

Question 1

What is Evolution

Answer 1

is the change in the characteristics of a species over several generations and relies on the process of natural selection.

Question 2

What is biology

Answer 2

The scientific study of life.

Question 3

What Is a Community in biological organization?

Answer 3

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem.

Question 4

What is a population?

Answer 4

A population consist of all the individuals of a species living within bounds of a specific area

A population is a group of one species.

Example, the human population, Plant population, dog population, is just one species.

Question 5

What are organisms?

Answer 5

A living thing.

Example tree, plant, a deer, a human, a bug, a bacteria.

Question 6

What is a microorganism?

give an example

Answer 6

an incredibly small organisim, that you need a microscope to see.

Examples, bacteria, protist.

Question 7

What is an organ ?

Answer 7

An organ is a body part that Carries out a particular function in the body.

organs are made up of tissues

Question 8

What is an organ system?

Answer 8

Is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

Question 9

Tissues

Answer 9

Are a group of cells that work together, performing a specialized function.

Question 10

What is photosynthesis

what is the reaction?

Answer 10

The process that Green plants convert light energy to the chemical energy of sugar.

sunlight + carbon dioxide+ water ⇒ sugar + oxygen

Question 11

What is a cell

Answer 11

A structure that makes up life.

It has functons

Inside there are compenets that work together to make the cell function (live).

It is the smallest unit of life.

Examples, Bacteria, muscle cell, Brain cell (neuron), white blood cells

Question 12

What is the difference between a single cell organism and a multicellular organism?

Answer 12

A single cell performs all the functions of life, and a multicellular organism has a division of labor among specialized cells.

Question 13

What is an organelle

Answer 13

The various functional components inside a cell. Example chloroplast exist in plant cells which are responsible for photosynthesis.

Question 14

What is a Molecule

Answer 14

A molecule consists of various kinds of atoms bonded to one another.

Example, within each chloroplast, millions of chlorophyll molecules are organized into systems that convert light energy to the chemical energy of food.

Question 15

Emergent property

Answer 15

The arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

A new function that is created when multiple things work together.

When things combine to make a new function, because they can not perform this function solo.

Question 16

Systems biology

Answer 16

The study of the systems in living things.

Question 17

Prokayotic cells vs Eukaryotic cells

What are the two major differences?

Answer 17

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than Eukaryotic cells,

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane enclosed organelles but prokayotic do not.

Question 18

Genes

Answer 18

genes are tranmitted from parent to offspring, they have the information that gives each organism (individual) its traits. not only visble but internal traits.

Question 19

describe the structure of DNA

tell the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA

Answer 19

• Eukaryotic DNA contains two long chains, called strands, arranged in a double helix. each strand is made up of four chemical building blocks called nucleotides.
  
  • DNA is wrapped around histone proteins which make a chromosome and are kept in the nucleus.
• Prokaryotic DNA still has the two long strands and same four nucleotides but it is in a circluar shape.

Question 20

What is gene expression?

Answer 20

Gene expression is the process by which the instructions in our DNA are converted into a functional product, such as a protein.

Question 21

What is a nucleotide?

Name them and how many?

how are they paired?

Answer 21

the building blocks of the genetic code, there are four of them

• Adenine (A)
• Thymine (T)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)

A to T

And

C to G

Question 22

What is a genome?

Answer 22

Is all the genetic material in an organism. its all of the organisms DNA.

The picture shows a eukaryote’s genome, because it shows chromosomes in a nucleus

Question 23

How do lens (eyes) cells make crystallin proteins?

making organisms able to see

Answer 23

• The crystallin gene is a secetion of DNA in the chromosome
• using the information in the DNA necleotides, the cell makes (transcribes)a specific RNA molecule called mRNA (messanger RNA)
• the cell then tanslates the information in the sequence of mRNA nucleotides to make protein, a series of linked amino acids.
• the chain of amino acids folds into the shape of crystallin protein. crystallin proteins can then pack together and focus light, allowing the eye to see.

Question 24

what is genomics

Answer 24

Study of a all the DNA in an organism.

the branch of molecular biology dealing with the structure function and evolution and maping of genomes.

Question 25

what is proteomics?

Answer 25

the study of sets of proteins and their properties.

Question 26

what is a proteome?

Answer 26

the entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell or group of cells

Question 27

What is Bioinformatics?

Answer 27

the use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods.

Question 28

what is feedback regulation? name the two types of feedbacks and explain them

Answer 28

the output or product , of a process regulates that very process. a control mechanism that uses the consequences of a process to regulate the rate at which the process occurs. Example of negative feedback, the control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is a good eample of negative feedback because, when blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change. in turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowing blood sugar levels. Example of positive feedback, is a cyclic process that can continue to amplify your bodys response to a stimulus until a negative feedback takes over.

Question 29

What is taxanomy?

Answer 29

The branch of biology that names and classifies species, formalizng this ording into groups increasing breadth, based on the degree to which they share characteristics. the science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics.

Question 30

what are the three domains of life? what are the two and four kingdoms they fall into? Name all six Also what cells are they made up of?

Answer 30

Bacteria and Archaea are two of the domains and they are made up of prokaryotic cells. and then all the eukaryotes (organisms with eukaryotic cells) are grouped in the domain Eukarya. This domain includes three kingdoms of multicellular eukaryotes: kingdoms Plantae(which produce their own sugars and other food molecules through photosynthesis) , Fungi (absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings), and Animalia (obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms). they are distinguished through their modes of nutrition. There is also the Protist which is in the eukarya domain but they are in their own kingdom due to the fact that they are a single celled eukaryote, instead of the multicellular like fungi plantae and animilia.

Question 31

What is unity underlying the diversity of life? Give an Example.

Answer 31

When two organisms so different share a common architecture. example a common genetic code. example, cilia are extensions of cells that function in locomotion. They occur in eukaryotes as diverse as paramecium (found in pond water) and humans. The cilia of the single-celled paramecium propel the organism through pond water. The cells that line the human windpipe are equipped with cilia that help keep the lungs clean by sweeping a film of debris-trapping mucus upward.

Question 32

What is natural selection and who discovered it?

Answer 32

Natural selection is the process in which the organisms that better adapt to their enviroment tend to survive and produce more offspring. This theory was found by Charles Darwin and is now believed to be the main process that brings about evolution.

Question 33

What is science?

Answer 33

a way of knowing an approach to understanding the natural world. science is derrived from a latin verb meaning "to know"

Question 34

What is an inquiry?

Answer 34

A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena.

Question 35

What is Data

Answer 35

Recorded observations

Question 36

What is inductive reasoning? give examples

Answer 36

Using specific information to get an overall generalization of something. first from specific information/observations to the overall big picture/generalization. we see the sun rise in the east 25 times consecutively, so it must happen everytime. "the sun always rises in the east" (big picture)

Question 37

What is deductive reasoning? give an example

Answer 37

involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific. Big picture to specifics big piture is All african americans arent intelligent. specific is tyron is a dumbass

Question 38

What is an experiement?

Answer 38

involves manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects changing it. Manipulate that indipendent variable to see what happens to the dependent variable.

Question 39

what are variables? Name and define the two types of variables

Answer 39

factors that vary in an experiment. one variable is the independent variable is the one that you change and the dependent variable changes depending on the independent variable.

Question 40

what is a Controlled experiement? give an example Define the two types of groups involved

Answer 40

Is an experiment that contains experimental groups and a control group. an experimental group is the group that has been changed/ gets the indpendent variable. a control group is a group that does not change/ it is the orginal. does not get the independent variable.

Question 41

What is the difference between independent variable and dependent variable?

Answer 41

independent variable is a variable whose variation does not depend on that of another. dependent variable is a variable whose value dependent on that of another.

Question 42

What is Scientific theory?

Answer 42

an explanation of some observation of the natural world that can, in accordance with scientific method, be repdatedly tested, usin a predefined protocol of observations and experiements. something that has an abundance of evidence that supports it but could be disproven if evidence proves so. (havent found evidence to disprove it.)

Question 43

model organism

Answer 43

a species that is easy to grow in a lab and lends itself particularly well to the questions being investigated.

Question 44

Describe the difference between Quantitative and Qualitative data? give examples

Answer 44

Quantitative data is numbers. example height: 6'1, 5'1, 4'2 Qualitative Data: Data in words example height: Tall, Medium, Short

Question 45

What is an ecosystem

Answer 45

living and non-living things in the same area