Chapter 1: Experimental: Learning (3-5%)

Question 0

E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect

Answer 0

Postulated a cause-and-effect chain of behavior revolving are reinforcement. Individuals do what rewards them and stop doing what doesn’t bring some reward.

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

The relatively permanent or stable change in behavior as the result of experice.
+ Some theorist assert that animals learn in order to manipulate rewards & punishments
+ Others believe animals learn through temporal relationships or pairing
+ Many types of learning come into play at different points

Question 2

Kurt Lewin (Behaviorism): Theory of Association

Answer 2

Association is the grouping things together based on the fact that they occur together in time and space. Organisms associate certain behaviors with certain rewards and certain cues with certain situations.

Question 3

Ivan Pavlov (Digestion and dogs): Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 3

Teaching an organism to respond to a neutral stimulus by pairing the neutral stimulus with a not-so-neutral stimulus.

Question 4

John B. Watson: Founded the School of Behaviorism

Answer 4

Idea of learning and all behavior was that everything could be explained by stimulus-response chains and that conditioning was the key factor in developing these chains

Question 5

B.F. Skinner

Answer 5

Conducted the first scientific experiment to prove Thorndike concepts in Law-of-Effect and Watson’s idea of cause and effect behavior.

Question 6

Operant Conditioning

Answer 6

The idea of behavior being influenced primarily by reinforcement.

Question 7

Skinner Box

Answer 7

Proved that animals are influenced by reinforcement

Question 8

Classical/Pavlovian Conditioning

Answer 8

The pairing a neutral stimulus w/ a not so neutral stimulus; this creats a relationship b/t the two

Question 9

Neutral Stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

A stimulus that does not produce a specific response on its own.
(EX. Pavlov- the light before he conditioned a response to it

Question 10

Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 10

The not-so-neutral stimulus.

(Ex. Pavlov: the UCS is the food. W/o conditioning, the stimulus elicts the response of salivating.

Question 11

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

Answer 11

The neutral stimulus once paired w/ UCS. CS has not naturally occurring response, but is conditioned through the pairing of US.
(Ex. CS (light) is paired w/ UCS (food), CS alone w/ produce a response (salivating))

Question 12

Unconditional Response

Answer 12

The neutrally occurring response of UCS.

Ex. Sa;ivation in response to food

Question 13

Conditioned Response

Answer 13

The response to the CS elicits after conditioning. The UCS and CR become the same thing.
(Ex. salivating due to food or a light)

Question 14

Simultanous Conditioning

Answer 14

The UCS (food) and the CS (light) are presented at the time time

Question 15

Higher Order Conditioning / Second-Order Conditioning

Answer 15

A conditioning technique in which a previous CS now acts as a UCS.
(Ex. Light used a the UCS after conditioned, food is taken away. The light is paired w/ a bell (CS) until the bell itself elicited saliva.

Question 16

Forward Conditioning

Answer 16

Pairing of the CS (light)and UCS (food), in which the CS is presented before the UCS

Question 17

Delayed Conditioning

Answer 17

Presentation of the CS (light) begains before that of the UCS (food) and lasts until the UCS is presented

Question 18

Trace Conditioning

Answer 18

CS (light) is present and terminated before the UCS (food) is presnted

Question 19

Backward Conditioning

Answer 19

The CS (light) is presented after the UCS (food). (Proven to be ineffective)

Question 20

Inhibitary Conditioning

Answer 20

Once classically conditioning is achieved. A ssecond CS is added and the UCS is removed. But would have hard time pairing the two CS’s
(Ex. Bell(cs)+food(ucs)=salivation(cr)
Tone(cs)+bell(cs)=no response

Question 21

Operant / Instrumental Conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 21

Aims to influence a response through various reinforcements. The idea that we do reaps rewards and don’t do things that don’t reap rewards.

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

Rewarding behavior that bring closer to a desired act.

Question 23

Differential Reinforcement of Successive Approximation

Answer 23

Rewarding desired behavior

Question 24

Parimary Reinforcement

Answer 24

A natural reinforcement. Something that is reinforcing on its own w/o the requirement of learning. (Ex. food & water)

Question 25

Secondary Reinforcement

Answer 25

A learned reinforcement. Often learned through society.

Question 26

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 26

A type of reward/positive event acting as a stimulus that increase the likeilyhood of a particular response

Question 27

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 27

(Not punishment) Reinforcement through the removal of a negative event. Works by taking away something that he/she dislikes *Punishment- Encourages a subject to stop behaving in a certain way

Question 28

Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 28

Every correct response is met w/ some form of reinforcement. This type of reinforcement strategy facilitates the quickest learning, also the most fragile learning; reward stop coming, performance stops

Question 29

Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 29

Not all correct responses are met w/ reinforcement. The strategy may require a longer learning time. Once learned, behaviors are more resistant to extinction

Question 30

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 30

A reinforcement is delivered after a consistent number of responses

Question 31

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 31

Learning takes the most time to occur, but, the learning is least likely to become extingushed. The ratio cannot be predicted (slot machine)

Question 32

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 32

Rewards come after the passage of a certain period of time rather than the number of behaviors

Question 34

Token Economy

Answer 34

Desirable behaviors are reinforced w/ tokens, which can be cashed in for primary reinforcers

Question 35

Primary / Instinctual Drives

Answer 35

Drives not learned (hunger/thirst)

Question 36

Secondary / Acquired Drives

Answer 36

Drives that are learned reinforcers (Ex. Money)

Question 37

Exploratory Drive

Answer 37

Individuals are simply motivated to try something new or to explore their environment. * Some theories assert that humans are primarily motivated to maintain physiological or psycholical homeotasis - Fritz Heider's balance theory, Charles Osgood & Percy Tannebaum's congruity theory, andLeon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory (Social Psych) all agree that what drives people is a desire to be balance w/ respect to their feelings, ideas, or behavior

Question 38

Drive-Reduction Theories

Answer 38

Humans are motivated to reduce the state of tension caused when certain biological needs are not satisfied

Question 39

Clark Hull

Answer 39

Performance=Drive x Habit. Individuals are first motivated by drive and than they act according to old successful habits. Doing wwhat has worked in the past to satisfy the drive

Question 40

Edward Tolma: Expectancy-Value Theory

Answer 40

Performance=Expectation x Value People are motivated by goals that they might actually meet. *One factor is how important the goal is

Question 41

Victor Vroom

Answer 41

Individuals who are lowest on the totem pole do not expect to recieve company incentives.

Question 42

Henry Murray & David McCelland

Answer 42

People are motivated by a need for achievement (nAch). Manifested through a need to pursue success or a need to avoid failure. (Goal is to feel successful)

Question 43

John Alkinson: Theory of Motivation

Answer 43

People who set realistic goals w/ intermediate risk sets, feel pride w/ accomplishment. Want to succeed more than they feel failure -Success is so important, these people are unlikeily to set unrealistic/risky goals or to persist when success is unlikeily

Question 44

Neil Miller: Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Answer 44

The state one feels when a certain goal has both pros and cons - Further one is from the goal, the more focuses on the pros/reason to approach - Closer one is from the goal, the more focuses on the cons/reason to avoid

Question 45

Hedonism Theory

Answer 45

Individuals are motivated solely by what brings the most please and the least pain

Question 46

Permack Principle

Answer 46

The idea that people are motivated to do what they don't want to do by rewarding themselves afterwards w/ something they like

Question 47

Donald Herbb

Answer 47

A medium amount of arousal is best for performance + To little or to much could humper performance + Simple task (high end) + Complex(low end) *Never at the extrems

Question 48

Yerks-Dodson Effect

Answer 48

Inverted U-Curve graph

Question 49

Stimulus

Answer 49

Refers to any event that an organism reacts to. First link stimulus response chain.

Question 50

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 50

The ability to discriminate b/t different but similar stimuli. (Ex. Doorbell vs Phone ring)

Question 51

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 51

To make the same response to a group of stimuli (Fire alarms)

Question 52

Undergernalization

Answer 52

Failure to generalize a stimulus

Question 53

Response Learning

Answer 53

Form of learning that links together chains of stimuli and response. (Ex. Leaving a building due to fire alarm)

Question 54

Perceptual / Concept Learning

Answer 54

Learning something in general rather than learning-specific stimulus-response chains

Question 55

Aversive Conditioning

Answer 55

Use of punishment to decrease the likely of behavior.

Question 56

Avoidance Conditioning

Answer 56

Teaches an animals to avoid something they don't want to avoid.

Question 57

Escape Conditioning

Answer 57

Teaches an animals to perform a desired behavior to get away from negative stimuli

Question 58

Punishment

Answer 58

Promotes extinction of an undesirable behavior

Question 59

Autonomic Conditioning

Answer 59

Evoking response of the autonomic nervous system through training

Question 60

State Dependent Learning

Answer 60

What a person learning in one state is best recalled in that state

Question 61

Extinction

Answer 61

The reversal of conditioning. The goal is to encourage an organism to stop doing a particular behavior

Question 62

Latent Learning

Answer 62

(takes place even w/o reinforcement) The actually learning is revealed at some other time. (Ex. watching chess game, playing later doing moves learned earlier)

Question 63

Incident Learning

Answer 63

Unrelated items are grouped together during this learning

Question 64

Superstitious Behavior

Answer 64

"Learns" that a specific action causes an event, when in reality the two are unrelated. (Ex. Lucky shirt)

Question 65

Chaining

Answer 65

The act of linking together a series of behaviors that ultimately result in reinforcement.

Question 66

Habituation

Answer 66

The decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus as a result of increasing familiarity with the stimulus

Question 67

Sensitization

Answer 67

Increased sensitivity to the environment following the presentation of a strong stimulus

Question 68

Overshadowing

Answer 68

Organism inability to infer a relationship b/t a particular stimulus and response due to the presence of more prominent stimulus

Question 69

Autoshaping

Answer 69

An apparatus allows an animal to control its reinforcements through behavior

Question 70

Social Learning Theory

Answer 70

Individuals learn through their culture. What is acceptable and unacceptable behavior through interacting in society

Question 71

Observational Learning

Answer 71

Act of learning something by watching

Question 72

Modeling

Answer 72

Refers to learning and behaving by imitating others

Question 73

Albert Bandure: Bobo Doll

Answer 73

Children witness adults physically abusing blowup doll and proceeded to do the same, those who didn't witness didn't behavior that way

Question 74

John Garcia

Answer 74

Discovered that animals are programmed through evolution to make certain connections

Question 75

Preparedness

Answer 75

The concept that certain associations are learned more easily than others

Question 76

Garcia Effect (Taste Aversion)

Answer 76

When individuals become sick one time after eatin g a particular food and never able to eat it again

Question 77

M.E. Olds

Answer 77

Experiment in which electrical stimulation of pleasure centers in the brain were used as positive reinforcement (evidence against the drive-reduction theory)

Question 78

Continuous Motor Task

Answer 78

Task once started continue naturally. | Ex. Riding a bike

Question 79

Discrete Motor Task

Answer 79

Task that are divided into different parts, that do not facilitate the recall of each other (Ex. Setting up a chess game)

Question 80

Positive Transfer

Answer 80

Previous learning that makes it easy to learn another task later

Question 81

Negative Transfer

Answer 81

Previous learning that makes it difficult to learn a new task *Age has shown to affect learning

Question 82

Herman Ebbinghaus: Learning Curve

Answer 82

When learning something new, the rate of learning usually changes over time. Positive accelerated rate learning increase. Negative decreases

Question 83

Educational Psychology

Answer 83

-Examine students and teachers attributes and instructional process in the classroom

Question 84

Thorndike

Answer 84

- Wrote the first educational psych book in 1903 | - Help to develop various methods of assess students skills and teaching effectiveness

Question 85

Cooperative Learnig

Answer 85

Students working on a project together

Question 86

Scaffolding Learning

Answer 86

Teachers encourage student to learn independently and only provides assistance w/ topics or concepts that are beyond the students capability.