Chapter 1 (Frish) Flashcards
(30 cards)
US government goals for promoting a healthy environment
Outdoor air quality
- alternative ways to go to work & reduce air toxic emissions
Water Quality
- water act
- Reduce waterborne disease outbreaking
Toxics and waste
- Reduce blood lead levels in children
- Minimize the risks of hazardous sites
- Reduce pesticides exposures
- Reduce the amount of toxic pollutants released into the environment
Healthy homes and healthy communities
- Reduce indoor allergen levels
- Increase radon mitigation system in homes
Infrastructure and surveillance
- Reduce exposure to environmental chemicals in the population
- Improve quality, utility, awareness, and use of existing info systems for environmental health
Global environmental health
- Reduce global burden of disease due to poor water quality, sanitation, and insufficient hygiene
Globally 25% of all deaths and the total disease burden can be attributed to what factor?
environmental factor
Recent environmentally related adverse health outcomes may be due to
Population growth
- urban crowding
current and persistent threats to the environment in the USA are
- trash that fouls the beaches
- hazardous wastes (including radioactive wastes)
- leaching from disposal sites
- continuing episodes of air pollution
- exposures to toxic chemicals
- destruction of the land through deforestation
- global warming
is avoidance of air pollution possible?
not really its pretty much impossible
The 3 P’s that are principal determinants of health worldwide are?
Pollution, population, and poverty
which groups of people are more likely to be affected by environmental hazards?
elderly, persons with disabilities and chronic diseases, pregnant women, and children
-> Children are more at risk for environmental hazards on their health because their bodies (immune system) have not fully developed their detoxifying organs
Climate change threatens your health no matter where you live and affects 3 major things
- food
- air
- water
Developing and developed countries comparison in terms of environmental hazards
developing countries suffer far more even though developed countries are highly industrialised and disseminate pollutants into the environment from motor vehicles and more. It is because developed countries are more wealthy and we have better access to medical care and better able to finance pollution controls.
What region of the world is presently confronting serious environmental threats?
Asia
- experiencing declines in the amount of forest land, unintentional conversion of arable land to desert, and rising levels of pollution
- runoff from the land contributes to water pollution
Environmental risk transition
characterizes changes in the environmental risks that happened as a consequence of economic development
Examples:
- santiation
- urban air pollution
- climate change
two factors that contribute to population growth
increases in fertility and reduction in mortality
one of the consequences of population growth
Urbanization
- conversion of large rural and forested areas of the earth into cities
- urbanisation is linked to adverse implications for the health of populations, including increasing rates of morbidity and mortality
what’s the estimated number of people living on earth between the years 2018 to 2028?
8 billion people
Population dynamics
refers to the changing relationship that makeup the population dynamic that is influenced by different factors
- factors: fertility, death rates, and migration
Completed fertility rate (total fertility rate)
the number of children a woman has given birth to when she completes childbearing
mortality
declined lots over time in both industrialised and less-developing countries
- reduction in mortality due to public health improvements, famine control, and increased availability of drugs and vaccines
migration
migration feeds population growth
- reasons for migrating are for economic betterment, forced migration (religious or political reasoning)
Burden of disease
the impact of disease in a population
Demographic transition
is the alteration over time in a populations fertility, mortality, and makeup
- does not include the effects of migration
4 stages:
1. Pre-Industrial Stage – High birth rates and high death rates keep population growth low due to poor sanitation, disease, and food shortages.
2. Early Industrial Stage – Death rates decline due to medical advancements, improved sanitation, and better nutrition, while birth rates remain high, leading to rapid population growth.
3. Late Industrial Stage – Birth rates begin to decline due to urbanization, education, and access to contraception, slowing population growth.
4. Post-Industrial Stage – Both birth and death rates are low, stabilizing population growth.
Epidemiologic transitions
is used to describe a shift in the pattern of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases
- Accompanies the demographic transition
- developing countries: communicable and infectious diseases are leading causes of morbidity and mortality
- developed countries: chronic diseases, injuries, cardiovascular diseases, etc. due to population aging
consequences of population increases
- contributes to the deterioration of the environment and depletion of natural resources
- air, water and other forms of pollution increase
- limited resources
- increases poverty
- living spaces decrease in size while population increases
The effects of rapid growth of the worlds population include what 4 things?
- Urbanization
- Exceeding carrying capacity
- Food insecurity
- Refers to a situation in which supplies of wholesome foods are uncertain or may have limited availability
- May occur when the carrying capacity in a particular geographic area is exceeded - Loss of biodiversity
Carrying capacity
is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported sustainably by a given environment
