Chapter 1 - Fuels

Question 1

fuel

Answer 1

substance with stored chemical energy that can be released relatively easily for us as heat or power

Question 2

fossil fuels

Answer 2

produced over thousands of years by the breakdown of organic material at high temperatures and pressures underground

Question 3

non-renewable

Answer 3

used faster than it can be replaced

Question 4

formation of fossil fuels

Answer 4

from buried ancient plants and animals

Question 5

coal

Answer 5

mixture of large molecules made from carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.
non-renewable

Question 6

crude oil

Answer 6

mixture of hydrogen molecules that are mostly members of the homologous series of alkanes.
non-renewable.
separated by fractional distillation

Question 7

fractional distillation

Answer 7

uses heat to seperate a mixture into a number of different fractions or parts

Question 8

natural gas

Answer 8

composed of methane together with small amounts of other hydrocarbons

Question 9

fracking

Answer 9

extraction of natural gas from coal or shale deposits.

used to fracture rock or coal to release gas

Question 10

liquified petroleum gas

Answer 10

mixture of propane and butane operated from natural gases or crude oil.
non-renewable

Question 11

biofuels

Answer 11

renewable fuels derived from plant materials, vegetable wastes and oils

Question 12

renewable

Answer 12

can be replaced as fast as they’re used

Question 13

bioethanol

Answer 13

made from fermenting the sugar and starch components of plants using yeast

Question 14

fermentation

Answer 14

enzyme catalysed breakdown of starch to glucose

Question 15

biogas

Answer 15

gas formed by the anaerobic breakdown of organic waste

Question 16

biodiesel

Answer 16

mixture of long-chain alkyl esters derived from vegetable oil or animal fat

Question 17

energy content

Answer 17

chemical energy in a substance

Question 18

energy transformation

Answer 18

energy converted from one form to another

Question 19

energy efficiency

Answer 19

percentage of energy converted to useful energy

Question 20

combustion

Answer 20

substance burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
thermal energy released

Question 21

energy transformations in burning coal

Answer 21

chemical energy in coal.
thermal energy of burning coal.
thermal energy of stream.
mechanical energy of turbine.
electrical energy from generator

Question 22

efficiency of electricity from coal

Answer 22

30-40%

Question 23

efficiency of electricity from natural gas

Answer 23

40%

Question 24

petrol

Answer 24

mixture of hydrocarbons including octane

Question 25

greenhouse gas

Answer 25

gas that is able to absorb and radiate heat radiation and contribute to greenhouse effect

Question 26

examples of greenhouse gases

Answer 26

water vapour. methane. carbon dioxide.

Question 27

greenhouse effect

Answer 27

sun heats the earths surface and some heat radiated back into atmosphere

Question 28

enhanced greenhouse effect

Answer 28

increasing levels of greenhouse gases causing global warming and climate shift

Question 29

fuels that produce carbon dioxide when burnt

Answer 29

coal, natural gas, LPG, petrol, ethanol

Question 30

carbon neutral

Answer 30

process that absorbs the same amount of carbon dioxide as it generates

Question 31

advantages of coal

Answer 31

easily transported. | relatively high energy content

Question 32

advantages of natural gas

Answer 32

more efficient than coal for electricity production. easily transported. relatively high energy content

Question 33

advantages of biogas

Answer 33

renewable. reduces waste disposal. CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis

Question 34

advantages of petrol

Answer 34

high energy content. | ease of transport

Question 35

advantages of LPG

Answer 35

low cost. relatively high energy content. fewer particles than petrol

Question 36

advantages of bioethanol

Answer 36

renewable. CO2 absorbed during photosynthesis. fewer particles than petrol

Question 37

disadvantages of coal

Answer 37

non-renewable. | high level of emissions

Question 38

disadvantages of natural gas

Answer 38

non-renewable. | polluting but less than coal and petrol

Question 39

disadvantages of biogas

Answer 39

low energy content. | supply of waste raw materials limited

Question 40

disadvantages of petrol

Answer 40

non-renewable. polluting but less than petrol. limited reserves

Question 41

disadvantages of LPG

Answer 41

non-renewable. | polluting but less than petrol

Question 42

disadvantages of bioethanol

Answer 42

lower energy content than petrol. | may require farmland otherwise used for food production

Question 43

petrodiesel

Answer 43

produced from crude oil by fractional distillation

Question 44

transesterification

Answer 44

process in which triglyceride reacts with an alcohol to form esters

Question 45

viscosity

Answer 45

measure of liquids resistance to flow

Question 46

cloud point

Answer 46

measure of performance at low temperature. | temperature at which small crystals start to form

Question 47

hygroscopic

Answer 47

substance that absorbs water easily