Chapter 1 functional groups Flashcards

(63 cards)

0
Q

Acyl group

A

COR- group

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1
Q

Acetyl group

A

CH3CO- group

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2
Q

Alcohol

A

Compound with an -OH bonded to a saturated, Allan’s like carbon

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3
Q

Aldehyde

A

A compound’ containing the -CHO functional group.

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4
Q

Anti conformation

A

The geometric arrangement around a carbon-carbon single bond in which the two largest substituents are 180° apart as viewed in a Newman projection.

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5
Q

Antibonding orbital

A

A molecular orbital that is higher in energy than the atomic orbitals from which it is formed.

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6
Q

Arlene

A

An alkyl-substituted benzene. The most intense peak.

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7
Q

Bond angel

A

The angle formed between two adjacent bonds.

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8
Q

Bond length

A

The equilibrium distance between the nuclei of two atoms that are bonded to each other.

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9
Q

Bond strength

A

An alternative name for bond dissociation energy.

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10
Q

Bonding orbital

A

A molecular orbital that is lower in energy than the atomic orbitals from which it
is formed.

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11
Q

Carbanion

A

A carbon anion, or substance that contains a trivalent, negatively charged carbon atom (R3C:-). Carbanions are spa-hybridized and have eight electrons in the outer shell of the negatively charged carbon.

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12
Q

Carbine

A

A neutral substance that contains a divalent carbon atom having only six electrons in its outer shell (R2C:).

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13
Q

Carbocation

A

A carbon cation, or substance that contains a trivalent, positively charged carbon atom having six electrons in its outer shell (R3C+).

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14
Q

Carbohydrate

A

A polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone. Carbohydrates can be either simple sugars, such as glucose, or complex sugars, such as cellulose.

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15
Q

Carbonyl group

A

The C=O functional group.

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16
Q

Carboxylic acid

A

A compound containing the -COOH functional group.

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17
Q

Covalent bond

A

A bond formed by sharing electrons between atoms.

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18
Q

Degenerate orbitals

A

Two or more orbitals that have the same energy level.

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19
Q

Disulfide

A

A compound of the general structure RSSR’.

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20
Q

Electron configuration

A

A list of the orbitals occupied by electrons in an atom.

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21
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond. Electronegativity increases across the periodic table from right to left and from bottom to top.

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22
Q

Electrophile

A

An “electron-lover” or substance that accepts an electron pair from a nucleophile in a polar bond-forming reaction.

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23
Q

Ester

A

A compound containing the -COOR functional group.

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24
Ether
A compound that has two organic substituents bonded to the same oxygen atom, ROR.
25
Exothermic
A reaction that releases heat and therefore has a negative enthalpy change.
26
Formal charge
The difference in the number of electrons owned by an atom in a molecule and by the same atom in its elemental state. The formal charge on an atom is given by the formula:
27
Frequency
The number of electromagnetic wave cycles that travel past a fixed point in if time. Frequencies are expressed in a given units of cycles per second, or hertz.
28
Functional group
An atom or group of atoms that is part of a larger molecule and that has a characteristic chemical reactivity.
29
Gibbs free-energy change, Δ
The free-energy change that occurs during a reaction, given by the equation ΔG = ΔH - TΔS. A reaction with a negative free-energy change is spontaneous, and a reaction with a positive free-energy change is nonspontaneous.
30
Hammond postulate
A postulate stating that we can get a picture of what a given transition state looks like by looking at the structure of 'the nearest stable species. Exergonic reactions have transition states that resemble reactant; endergonic reactions have transition states that resemble product.
31
Hybrid orbital
An orbital derived from a combination of atomic orbitals. Hybrid orbitals, such as the sp3 and sp2 hybrids of carbon, are strongly directed and form stronger bonds than atomic orbitals do.
32
Hydrogen bond
A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and an electron lone pair on another electronegative atom.
33
Infra red spectroscopy
A kind of optical spectroscopy that uses infrared energy. particularly useful in organic chemistry for determining the kinds of functional groups present in molecules
34
Ketone
A compound with two organic substituents bonded to a carbonyl group, R2C=O.
35
Lactam
A cyclic amide.
36
Lactose
A cyclic ester.
37
Mass spectroscopy
A technique for measuring the mass, and therefore the molecular weight (MW), of ions.
38
Mercapto group
An alternative name for the thiol group, -SH.
39
Molecule
A neutral collection of atoms held together by covalent bonds
40
Nitrogen rule
A compound with an odd number of nitrogen atoms has an odd-numbered molecular weight.
41
Node
A surface of zero electron density within an orbital. For example, a p orbital has a nodal plane passing through the center of the nucleus, perpendicular to the axis of the orbital.
42
Nonbonding electrons
Valence electrons that are not used in forming covalent bonds.
43
Nucleophile
A "nucleus-lover," or species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile in a polar bond-forming reaction. Nucleophiles are also Lewis bases.
44
Nucleophilicity
The ability of a substance to act as a nucleophile in an SN2 reaction.
45
Orbital
A wave function, which describes the volume of space around a nucleus in which an electron is most likely to be found.
46
Peroxide
A molecule containing an oxygen-oxygen bond functional group, ROOR' or ROOH.
47
Phenol
A compound with an -OH group directly bonded to an aromatic ring, ArOH.
48
Polar covenant bond
A covalent bond in which the electron distribution between atoms is unsymmetrical.
49
Polarity
The unsymmetrical distribution of electrons in a molecule that results when one atom attracts electrons more strongly than another.
50
Polarizability
The unsymmetrical distribution of electrons in a molecule that results when one atom attracts electrons more strongly than another.
51
Primary, secondary,tertiary, quaternary:
Terms used to describe the substitution pattern at a specific site. A primary site has one organic substituent attached to it, a secondary site has two organic substituents, a tertiary site has three, and a quaternary site has four.
52
Primary structure
The amino acid sequence in a protein.
53
R group
A generalized abbreviation for an organic partial structure.
54
Saturated
A molecule that has only single bonds and thus can't undergo addition reactions. Alkanes are saturated, but alkenes are unsaturated.
55
Sigma (σ) bond
A covalent bond formed by head-on overlap of atomic orbitals.
56
Sulfide
A compound that has two organic substituents bonded to the same sulfur atom, RSR'.
57
Sulfone
A compound of the general structure RSO2R'
58
Sulfoxide
A compound of the general structure RSOR'
59
Thiol
A compound containing the -SH functional group.
60
Unsaturated
A molecule that has one or more multiple bonds.
61
Wavelength
The length of a wave from peak to peak. The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to frequency and inversely proportional to energy.
62
Wave number
The reciprocal of the wavelength in centimeters.