Chapter 1: History

Question 0

Antiseptic Technique

Answer 0

Chemical used to inhibit or kill microorganisms on skin or tissue.

Question 1

Algae

Answer 1

Eukaryotic unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic organism with simple reproductive structures.

Question 2

Bacteria

Answer 2

Prokaryotic microorganisms typically having cell walls composed of peptidoglycan.

Question 3

Chemotherapy

Answer 3

A branch of medical microbiology in which chemicals are studied for their potential to destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Question 4

Conclusions

Answer 4

Based on the observed results of the experiment, the scientist either accepts,rejects, or modifies the hypothesis.

Question 5

Control groups

Answer 5

The unmanipulated group of an experiment.

Question 6

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 6

Coined the phrases “chemotherapy” and “magic bullet.” Also invented the precursor technique to the Gram stain.

Question 7

Experimental Group

Answer 7

The group that is manipulated

Question 8

Fungi

Answer 8

Eukaryotic organisms that have cell walls and obtain food from other organisms.

Question 9

Germ Theory

Answer 9

Hypothesis formulated by Pasteur that microorganisms are responsible for disease.

Question 10

Robert Hooke

Answer 10

Inventor of the microscope. Microscopes that had a single lens that could magnify up to 30x. Used his microscope to describe the structure of cork. First to see and explain cells

Question 11

Hypothesis

Answer 11

Potential answer to a question

Question 12

Immunology

Answer 12

Study of the body’s specific defenses against pathogens

Question 13

Edward Jenner

Answer 13

First to use vaccine. Studied people who had been exposed to cowpox were protected from small pox.

Question 14

Robert Koch

Answer 14

Studied anthrax. First to show bacteria caused disease.

Question 15

Koch’s postulates

Answer 15

1. Must fine a causative agent in every case of disease, not healthy organism.
2. Isolate and grow outside host.
3. Must cause same disease if put into healthy organism
4. Must be reisolated from experimental host

Question 16

Joseph Lister

Answer 16

Father of aseptic surgery. Furthered work by Semmelweis and Pasteur. Insisted on hand washing, using carbolic acid (phenol) to sterilize wounds and instruments

Question 17

Microorganisms

Answer 17

An organism too small to be seen without a microscope.

Question 18

Lady Mary Montague

Answer 18

ordered her children to variolated (purposely expose to a disease) while visiting the Ottoman Empire. became popular in england because she did it

Question 19

John Needham

Answer 19

• Recognized large animals did not spontaneously generate, but small did
• corked beef gravy and plant extract–got cloudy
• contaminated his own experiment.

Question 20

Florance Nightengale

Answer 20

• Furthered work of Lister and Semmelweis in Nursing
• developed school to train nursese.
• Prevented nosocomial infection (infection in a health care setting)

Question 21

Louis Pasteur

Answer 21

• completely debunked spontaneous generation
• bent neck of flasks
• developed germ theory
• fermentation, pasteurization, rabies vaccines
• found and ran pasteur institute in Paris

Question 22

Pathogen

Answer 22

A microorganism capable of causing disease.

Question 23

Prontosil (sulfa drug)

Answer 23

• developed by Domagk

* inhibited grow of bacteria

Question 24

Protozoa

Answer 24

single-celled eurkaryotes that lack a cell wall and are similar to animals in their nutritional needs and structure

Question 25

Francesco Redi

Answer 25

• fly experiment (maggots only appeared where flies were able to go)
• 1st to question spontaneous generation

Question 26

Schleiden and Schwann

Answer 26

*cell theory
* all living things are made of cells
*cell = distinct entity
Building block for all tissues and all living things
cells are living and only arise from other living things

Question 27

Scientific Method

Answer 27

Process by which scientists attempt to prove or disprove hypothesis through observations of the outcomes of carefully controlled experiments

Question 28

Ignaz Semmelweis

Answer 28

Started to insist med students to wash their hands with chlorinated lime water to prevent the spread of “cadaver particles” from autopsy to delivery. decreased death of puerperal fever from 18.3% to 1.3% in one year

Question 29

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Answer 29

contradicted needham– sealed the top of a flask instead of corking it. fluid remained clear unless broken. People still questioned him.

Question 30

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 30

The theory that living organisms can arise from nonliving matter

Question 31

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 31

built simple microscopes. Was the first to see and describe life in a drop of water. Used the term animalcules = tiny animals

Question 32

viruses

Answer 32

group of organisms that are extremely small and are technically not living